Add a feature test using the compiler macros and the preprocessor to
determine available features.

Add a CMAKE_CXX_COMPILE_FEATURES variable which contains all features
known to the loaded compiler, and a CMAKE_CXX_KNOWN_FEATURES variable
containing all features known to CMake.  Add language standard specific
variables for internal use to determine the standard-specific compile
flags to use.

This will be extended to other languages in the future.  Follow-up
commits will add features which will be recorded by the feature test.