FindBoost: Add support for Boost 1.83

Update the list of known versions.

Run the command

cmake -DBOOST_DIR=/path/to/boost_1_83_0 \
  -P Utilities/Scripts/BoostScanDeps.cmake

to extract dependencies from the 1.83.0 source tree.

Dependencies differ from 1.82, as mentioned in the 1.83 release notes:

• Boost.Timer no longer depends on Boost.Chrono

Fixes: #25243 (closed)
Backport: release