Add option for exception catching in wasm

• This MR enables exceptions in wasm builds so that unit tests can print stack traces for uncaught exceptions, instead of just printing Uncaught (<random number>).
• Adds VTK_WEBASSEMBLY_EXCEPTIONS cmake setting to enable exceptions at compile+link time with -fexceptions.
• This setting will allow the C++ unit tests to print additional stack traces when an uncaught exception is thrown, at the expense of greater binary size and slower execution.
• The ENABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING option requires a list of functions from which exceptions may be thrown. This commit allows catching exceptions from all functions with DISABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING=0 as we cannot know all possible functions that could throw exceptions.
• This commit allowed me to identify what went wrong in TestLabeledDataMappers.cxx because of the stack trace. See #19579