hopscotch_hash.h

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/**
 * MIT License
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2017 Tessil
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
 * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 * SOFTWARE.
 */
#ifndef TSL_HOPSCOTCH_HASH_H
#define TSL_HOPSCOTCH_HASH_H
 
#include "hopscotch_growth_policy.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <exception>
#include <functional>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <iterator>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <tuple>
#include <type_traits>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
 
#if (defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ == 4) && (__GNUC_MINOR__ < 9))
#define TSL_HH_NO_RANGE_ERASE_WITH_CONST_ITERATOR
#endif
 
/*
 * Only activate tsl_hh_assert if TSL_DEBUG is defined.
 * This way we avoid the performance hit when NDEBUG is not defined with assert as tsl_hh_assert is
 * used a lot (people usually compile with "-O3" and not "-O3 -DNDEBUG").
 */
#ifdef TSL_DEBUG
#define tsl_hh_assert(expr) assert(expr)
#else
#define tsl_hh_assert(expr) (static_cast<void>(0))
#endif
 
namespace tsl {
 
  namespace detail_hopscotch_hash {
 
    template <typename T> struct make_void
    {
      using type = void;
    };
 
    template <typename T, typename = void> struct has_is_transparent : std::false_type
    {
    };
 
    template <typename T>
    struct has_is_transparent<T, typename make_void<typename T::is_transparent>::type>
        : std::true_type
    {
    };
 
    template <typename T, typename = void> struct has_key_compare : std::false_type
    {
    };
 
    template <typename T>
    struct has_key_compare<T, typename make_void<typename T::key_compare>::type> : std::true_type
    {
    };
 
    template <typename U> struct is_power_of_two_policy : std::false_type
    {
    };
 
    template <std::size_t GrowthFactor>
    struct is_power_of_two_policy<tsl::hh::power_of_two_growth_policy<GrowthFactor>>
        : std::true_type
    {
    };
 
    /*
     * smallest_type_for_min_bits::type returns the smallest type that can fit MinBits.
     */
    static const std::size_t SMALLEST_TYPE_MAX_BITS_SUPPORTED = 64;
    template <unsigned int MinBits, typename Enable = void> class smallest_type_for_min_bits
    {
    };
 
    template <unsigned int MinBits>
    class smallest_type_for_min_bits<MinBits,
                                     typename std::enable_if<(MinBits > 0) && (MinBits <= 8)>::type>
    {
    public:
      using type = std::uint_least8_t;
    };
 
    template <unsigned int MinBits>
    class smallest_type_for_min_bits<
        MinBits, typename std::enable_if<(MinBits > 8) && (MinBits <= 16)>::type>
    {
    public:
      using type = std::uint_least16_t;
    };
 
    template <unsigned int MinBits>
    class smallest_type_for_min_bits<
        MinBits, typename std::enable_if<(MinBits > 16) && (MinBits <= 32)>::type>
    {
    public:
      using type = std::uint_least32_t;
    };
 
    template <unsigned int MinBits>
    class smallest_type_for_min_bits<
        MinBits, typename std::enable_if<(MinBits > 32) && (MinBits <= 64)>::type>
    {
    public:
      using type = std::uint_least64_t;
    };
 
    /*
     * Each bucket may store up to three elements:
     * - An aligned storage to store a value_type object with placement-new.
     * - An (optional) hash of the value in the bucket.
     * - An unsigned integer of type neighborhood_bitmap used to tell us which buckets in the
     * neighborhood of the current bucket contain a value with a hash belonging to the current
     * bucket.
     *
     * For a bucket 'bct', a bit 'i' (counting from 0 and from the least significant bit to the most
     * significant) set to 1 means that the bucket 'bct + i' contains a value with a hash belonging
     * to bucket 'bct'. The bits used for that, start from the third least significant bit. The two
     * least significant bits are reserved:
     * - The least significant bit is set to 1 if there is a value in the bucket storage.
     * - The second least significant bit is set to 1 if there is an overflow. More than
     * NeighborhoodSize values give the same hash, all overflow values are stored in the
     * m_overflow_elements list of the map.
     *
     * Details regarding hopscotch hashing an its implementation can be found here:
     *  https://tessil.github.io/2016/08/29/hopscotch-hashing.html
     */
    static const std::size_t NB_RESERVED_BITS_IN_NEIGHBORHOOD = 2;
 
    using truncated_hash_type = std::uint_least32_t;
 
    /**
     * Helper class that stores a truncated hash if StoreHash is true and nothing otherwise.
     */
    template <bool StoreHash> class hopscotch_bucket_hash
    {
    public:
      bool bucket_hash_equal(std::size_t /*hash*/) const noexcept { return true; }
 
      truncated_hash_type truncated_bucket_hash() const noexcept { return 0; }
 
    protected:
      void copy_hash(const hopscotch_bucket_hash &) noexcept {}
 
      void set_hash(truncated_hash_type /*hash*/) noexcept {}
    };
 
    template <> class hopscotch_bucket_hash<true>
    {
    public:
      bool bucket_hash_equal(std::size_t my_hash) const noexcept
      {
        return m_hash == truncated_hash_type(my_hash);
      }
 
      truncated_hash_type truncated_bucket_hash() const noexcept { return m_hash; }
 
    protected:
      void copy_hash(const hopscotch_bucket_hash &bucket) noexcept { m_hash = bucket.m_hash; }
 
      void set_hash(truncated_hash_type my_hash) noexcept { m_hash = my_hash; }
 
    private:
      truncated_hash_type m_hash;
    };
 
    template <typename ValueType, unsigned int NeighborhoodSize, bool StoreHash>
    class hopscotch_bucket : public hopscotch_bucket_hash<StoreHash>
    {
    private:
      static const std::size_t MIN_NEIGHBORHOOD_SIZE = 4;
      static const std::size_t MAX_NEIGHBORHOOD_SIZE =
          SMALLEST_TYPE_MAX_BITS_SUPPORTED - NB_RESERVED_BITS_IN_NEIGHBORHOOD;
 
      static_assert(NeighborhoodSize >= 4, "NeighborhoodSize should be >= 4.");
      // We can't put a variable in the message, ensure coherence
      static_assert(MIN_NEIGHBORHOOD_SIZE == 4, "");
 
      static_assert(NeighborhoodSize <= 62, "NeighborhoodSize should be <= 62.");
      // We can't put a variable in the message, ensure coherence
      static_assert(MAX_NEIGHBORHOOD_SIZE == 62, "");
 
      static_assert(!StoreHash || NeighborhoodSize <= 30,
                    "NeighborhoodSize should be <= 30 if StoreHash is true.");
      // We can't put a variable in the message, ensure coherence
      static_assert(MAX_NEIGHBORHOOD_SIZE - 32 == 30, "");
 
      using bucket_hash = hopscotch_bucket_hash<StoreHash>;
 
    public:
      using value_type = ValueType;
      using neighborhood_bitmap =
          typename smallest_type_for_min_bits<NeighborhoodSize +
                                              NB_RESERVED_BITS_IN_NEIGHBORHOOD>::type;
 
      hopscotch_bucket() noexcept : bucket_hash(), m_neighborhood_infos(0)
      {
        tsl_hh_assert(empty());
      }
 
      hopscotch_bucket(const hopscotch_bucket &bucket) noexcept(
          std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<value_type>::value)
          : bucket_hash(bucket), m_neighborhood_infos(0)
      {
        if (!bucket.empty()) {
          ::new (static_cast<void *>(std::addressof(m_value))) value_type(bucket.value());
        }
 
        m_neighborhood_infos = bucket.m_neighborhood_infos;
      }
 
      hopscotch_bucket(hopscotch_bucket &&bucket) noexcept(
          std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_type>::value)
          : bucket_hash(std::move(bucket)), m_neighborhood_infos(0)
      {
        if (!bucket.empty()) {
          ::new (static_cast<void *>(std::addressof(m_value)))
              value_type(std::move(bucket.value()));
        }
 
        m_neighborhood_infos = bucket.m_neighborhood_infos;
      }
 
      hopscotch_bucket &operator=(const hopscotch_bucket &bucket) noexcept(
          std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<value_type>::value)
      {
        if (this != &bucket) {
          remove_value();
 
          bucket_hash::operator=(bucket);
          if (!bucket.empty()) {
            ::new (static_cast<void *>(std::addressof(m_value))) value_type(bucket.value());
          }
 
          m_neighborhood_infos = bucket.m_neighborhood_infos;
        }
 
        return *this;
      }
 
      hopscotch_bucket &operator=(hopscotch_bucket &&) = delete;
 
      ~hopscotch_bucket() noexcept
      {
        if (!empty()) {
          destroy_value();
        }
      }
 
      neighborhood_bitmap neighborhood_infos() const noexcept
      {
        return neighborhood_bitmap(m_neighborhood_infos >> NB_RESERVED_BITS_IN_NEIGHBORHOOD);
      }
 
      void set_overflow(bool has_overflow) noexcept
      {
        if (has_overflow) {
          m_neighborhood_infos = neighborhood_bitmap(m_neighborhood_infos | 2);
        }
        else {
          m_neighborhood_infos = neighborhood_bitmap(m_neighborhood_infos & ~2);
        }
      }
 
      bool has_overflow() const noexcept { return (m_neighborhood_infos & 2) != 0; }
 
      bool empty() const noexcept { return (m_neighborhood_infos & 1) == 0; }
 
      void toggle_neighbor_presence(std::size_t ineighbor) noexcept
      {
        tsl_hh_assert(ineighbor <= NeighborhoodSize);
        m_neighborhood_infos = neighborhood_bitmap(
            m_neighborhood_infos ^ (1ull << (ineighbor + NB_RESERVED_BITS_IN_NEIGHBORHOOD)));
      }
 
      bool check_neighbor_presence(std::size_t ineighbor) const noexcept
      {
        tsl_hh_assert(ineighbor <= NeighborhoodSize);
        if (((m_neighborhood_infos >> (ineighbor + NB_RESERVED_BITS_IN_NEIGHBORHOOD)) & 1) == 1) {
          return true;
        }
 
        return false;
      }
 
      value_type &value() noexcept
      {
        tsl_hh_assert(!empty());
        return *reinterpret_cast<value_type *>(std::addressof(m_value));
      }
 
      const value_type &value() const noexcept
      {
        tsl_hh_assert(!empty());
        return *reinterpret_cast<const value_type *>(std::addressof(m_value));
      }
 
      template <typename... Args>
      void set_value_of_empty_bucket(truncated_hash_type my_hash, Args &&... value_type_args)
      {
        tsl_hh_assert(empty());
 
        ::new (static_cast<void *>(std::addressof(m_value)))
            value_type(std::forward<Args>(value_type_args)...);
        set_empty(false);
        this->set_hash(my_hash);
      }
 
      void swap_value_into_empty_bucket(hopscotch_bucket &empty_bucket)
      {
        tsl_hh_assert(empty_bucket.empty());
        if (!empty()) {
          ::new (static_cast<void *>(std::addressof(empty_bucket.m_value)))
              value_type(std::move(value()));
          empty_bucket.copy_hash(*this);
          empty_bucket.set_empty(false);
 
          destroy_value();
          set_empty(true);
        }
      }
 
      void remove_value() noexcept
      {
        if (!empty()) {
          destroy_value();
          set_empty(true);
        }
      }
 
      void clear() noexcept
      {
        if (!empty()) {
          destroy_value();
        }
 
        m_neighborhood_infos = 0;
        tsl_hh_assert(empty());
      }
 
      static truncated_hash_type truncate_hash(std::size_t my_hash) noexcept
      {
        return truncated_hash_type(my_hash);
      }
 
    private:
      void set_empty(bool is_empty) noexcept
      {
        if (is_empty) {
          m_neighborhood_infos = neighborhood_bitmap(m_neighborhood_infos & ~1);
        }
        else {
          m_neighborhood_infos = neighborhood_bitmap(m_neighborhood_infos | 1);
        }
      }
 
      void destroy_value() noexcept
      {
        tsl_hh_assert(!empty());
        value().~value_type();
      }
 
    private:
      using storage = typename std::aligned_storage<sizeof(value_type), alignof(value_type)>::type;
 
      neighborhood_bitmap m_neighborhood_infos;
      storage             m_value;
    };
 
    /**
     * Internal common class used by (b)hopscotch_map and (b)hopscotch_set.
     *
     * ValueType is what will be stored by hopscotch_hash (usually std::pair<Key, T> for a map and
     * Key for a set).
     *
     * KeySelect should be a FunctionObject which takes a ValueType in parameter and returns a
     * reference to the key.
     *
     * ValueSelect should be a FunctionObject which takes a ValueType in parameter and returns a
     * reference to the value. ValueSelect should be void if there is no value (in a set for
     * example).
     *
     * OverflowContainer will be used as containers for overflown elements. Usually it should be a
     * list<ValueType> or a set<Key>/map<Key, T>.
     */
    template <class ValueType, class KeySelect, class ValueSelect, class Hash, class KeyEqual,
              class Allocator, unsigned int NeighborhoodSize, bool StoreHash, class GrowthPolicy,
              class OverflowContainer>
    class hopscotch_hash : private Hash, private KeyEqual, private GrowthPolicy
    {
    private:
      template <typename U>
      using has_mapped_type = typename std::integral_constant<bool, !std::is_same<U, void>::value>;
 
      static_assert(noexcept(std::declval<GrowthPolicy>().bucket_for_hash(std::size_t(0))),
                    "GrowthPolicy::bucket_for_hash must be noexcept.");
      static_assert(noexcept(std::declval<GrowthPolicy>().clear()),
                    "GrowthPolicy::clear must be noexcept.");
 
    public:
      template <bool IsConst> class hopscotch_iterator;
 
      using key_type        = typename KeySelect::key_type;
      using value_type      = ValueType;
      using size_type       = std::size_t;
      using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
      using hasher          = Hash;
      using key_equal       = KeyEqual;
      using allocator_type  = Allocator;
      using reference       = value_type &;
      using const_reference = const value_type &;
      using pointer         = value_type *;
      using const_pointer   = const value_type *;
      using iterator        = hopscotch_iterator<false>;
      using const_iterator  = hopscotch_iterator<true>;
 
    private:
      using hopscotch_bucket =
          tsl::detail_hopscotch_hash::hopscotch_bucket<ValueType, NeighborhoodSize, StoreHash>;
      using neighborhood_bitmap = typename hopscotch_bucket::neighborhood_bitmap;
 
      using buckets_allocator =
          typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::template rebind_alloc<hopscotch_bucket>;
      using buckets_container_type = std::vector<hopscotch_bucket, buckets_allocator>;
 
      using overflow_container_type = OverflowContainer;
 
      static_assert(std::is_same<typename overflow_container_type::value_type, ValueType>::value,
                    "OverflowContainer should have ValueType as type.");
 
      static_assert(
          std::is_same<typename overflow_container_type::allocator_type, Allocator>::value,
          "Invalid allocator, not the same type as the value_type.");
 
      using iterator_buckets       = typename buckets_container_type::iterator;
      using const_iterator_buckets = typename buckets_container_type::const_iterator;
 
      using iterator_overflow       = typename overflow_container_type::iterator;
      using const_iterator_overflow = typename overflow_container_type::const_iterator;
 
    public:
      /**
       * The `operator*()` and `operator->()` methods return a const reference and const pointer
       * respectively to the stored value type.
       *
       * In case of a map, to get a modifiable reference to the value associated to a key (the
       * `.second` in the stored pair), you have to call `value()`.
       */
      template <bool IsConst> class hopscotch_iterator
      {
        friend class hopscotch_hash;
 
      private:
        using iterator_bucket =
            typename std::conditional<IsConst, typename hopscotch_hash::const_iterator_buckets,
                                      typename hopscotch_hash::iterator_buckets>::type;
        using iterator_overflow =
            typename std::conditional<IsConst, typename hopscotch_hash::const_iterator_overflow,
                                      typename hopscotch_hash::iterator_overflow>::type;
 
        hopscotch_iterator(iterator_bucket buckets_iterator, iterator_bucket buckets_end_iterator,
                           iterator_overflow overflow_iterator) noexcept
            : m_buckets_iterator(buckets_iterator), m_buckets_end_iterator(buckets_end_iterator),
              m_overflow_iterator(overflow_iterator)
        {
        }
 
      public:
        using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
        using value_type        = const typename hopscotch_hash::value_type;
        using difference_type   = std::ptrdiff_t;
        using reference         = value_type &;
        using pointer           = value_type *;
 
        hopscotch_iterator() noexcept {}
 
        // Copy constructor from iterator to const_iterator.
        template <bool TIsConst = IsConst, typename std::enable_if<TIsConst>::type * = nullptr>
        hopscotch_iterator(const hopscotch_iterator<!TIsConst> &other) noexcept
            : m_buckets_iterator(other.m_buckets_iterator),
              m_buckets_end_iterator(other.m_buckets_end_iterator),
              m_overflow_iterator(other.m_overflow_iterator)
        {
        }
 
        hopscotch_iterator(const hopscotch_iterator &other) = default;
        hopscotch_iterator(hopscotch_iterator &&other)      = default;
        hopscotch_iterator &operator=(const hopscotch_iterator &other) = default;
        hopscotch_iterator &operator=(hopscotch_iterator &&other) = default;
 
        const typename hopscotch_hash::key_type &key() const
        {
          if (m_buckets_iterator != m_buckets_end_iterator) {
            return KeySelect()(m_buckets_iterator->value());
          }
 
          return KeySelect()(*m_overflow_iterator);
        }
 
        template <class U                                                    = ValueSelect,
                  typename std::enable_if<has_mapped_type<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
        typename std::conditional<IsConst, const typename U::value_type &,
                                  typename U::value_type &>::type
        value() const
        {
          if (m_buckets_iterator != m_buckets_end_iterator) {
            return U()(m_buckets_iterator->value());
          }
 
          return U()(*m_overflow_iterator);
        }
 
        reference operator*() const
        {
          if (m_buckets_iterator != m_buckets_end_iterator) {
            return m_buckets_iterator->value();
          }
 
          return *m_overflow_iterator;
        }
 
        pointer operator->() const
        {
          if (m_buckets_iterator != m_buckets_end_iterator) {
            return std::addressof(m_buckets_iterator->value());
          }
 
          return std::addressof(*m_overflow_iterator);
        }
 
        hopscotch_iterator &operator++()
        {
          if (m_buckets_iterator == m_buckets_end_iterator) {
            ++m_overflow_iterator;
            return *this;
          }
 
          do {
            ++m_buckets_iterator;
          } while (m_buckets_iterator != m_buckets_end_iterator && m_buckets_iterator->empty());
 
          return *this;
        }
 
        hopscotch_iterator operator++(int)
        {
          hopscotch_iterator tmp(*this);
          ++*this;
 
          return tmp;
        }
 
        friend bool operator==(const hopscotch_iterator &lhs, const hopscotch_iterator &rhs)
        {
          return lhs.m_buckets_iterator == rhs.m_buckets_iterator &&
                 lhs.m_overflow_iterator == rhs.m_overflow_iterator;
        }
 
        friend bool operator!=(const hopscotch_iterator &lhs, const hopscotch_iterator &rhs)
        {
          return !(lhs == rhs);
        }
 
      private:
        iterator_bucket   m_buckets_iterator;
        iterator_bucket   m_buckets_end_iterator;
        iterator_overflow m_overflow_iterator;
      };
 
    public:
      template <class OC                                                     = OverflowContainer,
                typename std::enable_if<!has_key_compare<OC>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      hopscotch_hash(size_type bucket_count, const Hash &my_hash, const KeyEqual &equal,
                     const Allocator &alloc, float max_load_factor)
          : Hash(my_hash), KeyEqual(equal), GrowthPolicy(bucket_count), m_buckets_data(alloc),
            m_overflow_elements(alloc), m_buckets(static_empty_bucket_ptr()), m_nb_elements(0)
      {
        if (bucket_count > max_bucket_count()) {
          throw std::length_error("The map exceeds its maxmimum size.");
        }
 
        if (bucket_count > 0) {
          static_assert(NeighborhoodSize - 1 > 0, "");
 
          // Can't directly construct with the appropriate size in the initializer
          // as m_buckets_data(bucket_count, alloc) is not supported by GCC 4.8
          m_buckets_data.resize(bucket_count + NeighborhoodSize - 1);
          m_buckets = m_buckets_data.data();
        }
 
        this->max_load_factor(max_load_factor);
 
        // Check in the constructor instead of outside of a function to avoi compilation issues
        // when value_type is not complete.
        static_assert(
            std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_type>::value ||
                std::is_copy_constructible<value_type>::value,
            "value_type must be either copy constructible or nothrow move constructible.");
      }
 
      template <class OC                                                    = OverflowContainer,
                typename std::enable_if<has_key_compare<OC>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      hopscotch_hash(size_type bucket_count, const Hash &my_hash, const KeyEqual &equal,
                     const Allocator &alloc, float max_load_factor,
                     const typename OC::key_compare &comp)
          : Hash(my_hash), KeyEqual(equal), GrowthPolicy(bucket_count), m_buckets_data(alloc),
            m_overflow_elements(comp, alloc), m_buckets(static_empty_bucket_ptr()), m_nb_elements(0)
      {
 
        if (bucket_count > max_bucket_count()) {
          throw std::length_error("The map exceeds its maxmimum size.");
        }
 
        if (bucket_count > 0) {
          static_assert(NeighborhoodSize - 1 > 0, "");
 
          // Can't directly construct with the appropriate size in the initializer
          // as m_buckets_data(bucket_count, alloc) is not supported by GCC 4.8
          m_buckets_data.resize(bucket_count + NeighborhoodSize - 1);
          m_buckets = m_buckets_data.data();
        }
 
        this->max_load_factor(max_load_factor);
 
        // Check in the constructor instead of outside of a function to avoi compilation issues
        // when value_type is not complete.
        static_assert(
            std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_type>::value ||
                std::is_copy_constructible<value_type>::value,
            "value_type must be either copy constructible or nothrow move constructible.");
      }
 
      hopscotch_hash(const hopscotch_hash &other)
          : Hash(other), KeyEqual(other), GrowthPolicy(other), m_buckets_data(other.m_buckets_data),
            m_overflow_elements(other.m_overflow_elements),
            m_buckets(m_buckets_data.empty() ? static_empty_bucket_ptr() : m_buckets_data.data()),
            m_nb_elements(other.m_nb_elements), m_max_load_factor(other.m_max_load_factor),
            m_max_load_threshold_rehash(other.m_max_load_threshold_rehash),
            m_min_load_threshold_rehash(other.m_min_load_threshold_rehash)
      {
      }
 
      hopscotch_hash(hopscotch_hash &&other) noexcept(
          std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<Hash>::value &&std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<
              KeyEqual>::value &&std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<GrowthPolicy>::value
              &&                 std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<buckets_container_type>::value
                  &&             std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<overflow_container_type>::value)
          : Hash(std::move(static_cast<Hash &>(other))),
            KeyEqual(std::move(static_cast<KeyEqual &>(other))),
            GrowthPolicy(std::move(static_cast<GrowthPolicy &>(other))),
            m_buckets_data(std::move(other.m_buckets_data)),
            m_overflow_elements(std::move(other.m_overflow_elements)),
            m_buckets(m_buckets_data.empty() ? static_empty_bucket_ptr() : m_buckets_data.data()),
            m_nb_elements(other.m_nb_elements), m_max_load_factor(other.m_max_load_factor),
            m_max_load_threshold_rehash(other.m_max_load_threshold_rehash),
            m_min_load_threshold_rehash(other.m_min_load_threshold_rehash)
      {
        other.GrowthPolicy::clear();
        other.m_buckets_data.clear();
        other.m_overflow_elements.clear();
        other.m_buckets                   = static_empty_bucket_ptr();
        other.m_nb_elements               = 0;
        other.m_max_load_threshold_rehash = 0;
        other.m_min_load_threshold_rehash = 0;
      }
 
      hopscotch_hash &operator=(const hopscotch_hash &other)
      {
        if (&other != this) {
          Hash::        operator=(other);
          KeyEqual::    operator=(other);
          GrowthPolicy::operator=(other);
 
          m_buckets_data      = other.m_buckets_data;
          m_overflow_elements = other.m_overflow_elements;
          m_buckets = m_buckets_data.empty() ? static_empty_bucket_ptr() : m_buckets_data.data();
          m_nb_elements               = other.m_nb_elements;
          m_max_load_factor           = other.m_max_load_factor;
          m_max_load_threshold_rehash = other.m_max_load_threshold_rehash;
          m_min_load_threshold_rehash = other.m_min_load_threshold_rehash;
        }
 
        return *this;
      }
 
      hopscotch_hash &operator=(hopscotch_hash &&other)
      {
        other.swap(*this);
        other.clear();
 
        return *this;
      }
 
      allocator_type get_allocator() const { return m_buckets_data.get_allocator(); }
 
      /*
       * Iterators
       */
      iterator begin() noexcept
      {
        auto begin = m_buckets_data.begin();
        while (begin != m_buckets_data.end() && begin->empty()) {
          ++begin;
        }
 
        return iterator(begin, m_buckets_data.end(), m_overflow_elements.begin());
      }
 
      const_iterator begin() const noexcept { return cbegin(); }
 
      const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept
      {
        auto begin = m_buckets_data.cbegin();
        while (begin != m_buckets_data.cend() && begin->empty()) {
          ++begin;
        }
 
        return const_iterator(begin, m_buckets_data.cend(), m_overflow_elements.cbegin());
      }
 
      iterator end() noexcept
      {
        return iterator(m_buckets_data.end(), m_buckets_data.end(), m_overflow_elements.end());
      }
 
      const_iterator end() const noexcept { return cend(); }
 
      const_iterator cend() const noexcept
      {
        return const_iterator(m_buckets_data.cend(), m_buckets_data.cend(),
                              m_overflow_elements.cend());
      }
 
      /*
       * Capacity
       */
      bool empty() const noexcept { return m_nb_elements == 0; }
 
      size_type size() const noexcept { return m_nb_elements; }
 
      size_type max_size() const noexcept { return m_buckets_data.max_size(); }
 
      /*
       * Modifiers
       */
      void clear() noexcept
      {
        for (auto &bucket : m_buckets_data) {
          bucket.clear();
        }
 
        m_overflow_elements.clear();
        m_nb_elements = 0;
      }
 
      std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type &value) { return insert_impl(value); }
 
      template <class P, typename std::enable_if<
                             std::is_constructible<value_type, P &&>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(P &&value)
      {
        return insert_impl(value_type(std::forward<P>(value)));
      }
 
      std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type &&value) { return insert_impl(std::move(value)); }
 
      iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type &value)
      {
        if (hint != cend() && compare_keys(KeySelect()(*hint), KeySelect()(value))) {
          return mutable_iterator(hint);
        }
 
        return insert(value).first;
      }
 
      template <class P, typename std::enable_if<
                             std::is_constructible<value_type, P &&>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      iterator insert(const_iterator hint, P &&value)
      {
        return emplace_hint(hint, std::forward<P>(value));
      }
 
      iterator insert(const_iterator hint, value_type &&value)
      {
        if (hint != cend() && compare_keys(KeySelect()(*hint), KeySelect()(value))) {
          return mutable_iterator(hint);
        }
 
        return insert(std::move(value)).first;
      }
 
      template <class InputIt> void insert(InputIt first, InputIt last)
      {
        if (std::is_base_of<std::forward_iterator_tag,
                            typename std::iterator_traits<InputIt>::iterator_category>::value) {
          const auto        nb_elements_insert     = std::distance(first, last);
          const std::size_t nb_elements_in_buckets = m_nb_elements - m_overflow_elements.size();
          const std::size_t nb_free_buckets = m_max_load_threshold_rehash - nb_elements_in_buckets;
          tsl_hh_assert(m_nb_elements >= m_overflow_elements.size());
          tsl_hh_assert(m_max_load_threshold_rehash >= nb_elements_in_buckets);
 
          if (nb_elements_insert > 0 && nb_free_buckets < std::size_t(nb_elements_insert)) {
            reserve(nb_elements_in_buckets + std::size_t(nb_elements_insert));
          }
        }
 
        for (; first != last; ++first) {
          insert(*first);
        }
      }
 
      template <class M> std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_type &k, M &&obj)
      {
        return insert_or_assign_impl(k, std::forward<M>(obj));
      }
 
      template <class M> std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_type &&k, M &&obj)
      {
        return insert_or_assign_impl(std::move(k), std::forward<M>(obj));
      }
 
      template <class M> iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, const key_type &k, M &&obj)
      {
        if (hint != cend() && compare_keys(KeySelect()(*hint), k)) {
          auto it    = mutable_iterator(hint);
          it.value() = std::forward<M>(obj);
 
          return it;
        }
 
        return insert_or_assign(k, std::forward<M>(obj)).first;
      }
 
      template <class M> iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, key_type &&k, M &&obj)
      {
        if (hint != cend() && compare_keys(KeySelect()(*hint), k)) {
          auto it    = mutable_iterator(hint);
          it.value() = std::forward<M>(obj);
 
          return it;
        }
 
        return insert_or_assign(std::move(k), std::forward<M>(obj)).first;
      }
 
      template <class... Args> std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args &&... args)
      {
        return insert(value_type(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
      }
 
      template <class... Args> iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator hint, Args &&... args)
      {
        return insert(hint, value_type(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
      }
 
      template <class... Args>
      std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(const key_type &k, Args &&... args)
      {
        return try_emplace_impl(k, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
      }
 
      template <class... Args> std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(key_type &&k, Args &&... args)
      {
        return try_emplace_impl(std::move(k), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
      }
 
      template <class... Args>
      iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, const key_type &k, Args &&... args)
      {
        if (hint != cend() && compare_keys(KeySelect()(*hint), k)) {
          return mutable_iterator(hint);
        }
 
        return try_emplace(k, std::forward<Args>(args)...).first;
      }
 
      template <class... Args>
      iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, key_type &&k, Args &&... args)
      {
        if (hint != cend() && compare_keys(KeySelect()(*hint), k)) {
          return mutable_iterator(hint);
        }
 
        return try_emplace(std::move(k), std::forward<Args>(args)...).first;
      }
 
      /**
       * Here to avoid `template<class K> size_type erase(const K& key)` being used when
       * we use an iterator instead of a const_iterator.
       */
      iterator erase(iterator pos) { return erase(const_iterator(pos)); }
 
      iterator erase(const_iterator pos)
      {
        const std::size_t ibucket_for_hash = bucket_for_hash(hash_key(pos.key()));
 
        if (pos.m_buckets_iterator != pos.m_buckets_end_iterator) {
          auto it_bucket = m_buckets_data.begin() +
                           std::distance(m_buckets_data.cbegin(), pos.m_buckets_iterator);
          erase_from_bucket(*it_bucket, ibucket_for_hash);
 
          return ++iterator(it_bucket, m_buckets_data.end(), m_overflow_elements.begin());
        }
        else {
          auto it_next_overflow = erase_from_overflow(pos.m_overflow_iterator, ibucket_for_hash);
          return iterator(m_buckets_data.end(), m_buckets_data.end(), it_next_overflow);
        }
      }
 
      iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last)
      {
        if (first == last) {
          return mutable_iterator(first);
        }
 
        auto to_delete = erase(first);
        while (to_delete != last) {
          to_delete = erase(to_delete);
        }
 
        return to_delete;
      }
 
      template <class K> size_type erase(const K &key) { return erase(key, hash_key(key)); }
 
      template <class K> size_type erase(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash)
      {
        const std::size_t ibucket_for_hash = bucket_for_hash(my_hash);
 
        hopscotch_bucket *bucket_found =
            find_in_buckets(key, my_hash, m_buckets + ibucket_for_hash);
        if (bucket_found != nullptr) {
          erase_from_bucket(*bucket_found, ibucket_for_hash);
 
          return 1;
        }
 
        if (m_buckets[ibucket_for_hash].has_overflow()) {
          auto it_overflow = find_in_overflow(key);
          if (it_overflow != m_overflow_elements.end()) {
            erase_from_overflow(it_overflow, ibucket_for_hash);
 
            return 1;
          }
        }
 
        return 0;
      }
 
      void swap(hopscotch_hash &other)
      {
        using std::swap;
 
        swap(static_cast<Hash &>(*this), static_cast<Hash &>(other));
        swap(static_cast<KeyEqual &>(*this), static_cast<KeyEqual &>(other));
        swap(static_cast<GrowthPolicy &>(*this), static_cast<GrowthPolicy &>(other));
        swap(m_buckets_data, other.m_buckets_data);
        swap(m_overflow_elements, other.m_overflow_elements);
        swap(m_buckets, other.m_buckets);
        swap(m_nb_elements, other.m_nb_elements);
        swap(m_max_load_factor, other.m_max_load_factor);
        swap(m_max_load_threshold_rehash, other.m_max_load_threshold_rehash);
        swap(m_min_load_threshold_rehash, other.m_min_load_threshold_rehash);
      }
 
      /*
       * Lookup
       */
      template <class K, class U = ValueSelect,
                typename std::enable_if<has_mapped_type<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      typename U::value_type &at(const K &key)
      {
        return at(key, hash_key(key));
      }
 
      template <class K, class U = ValueSelect,
                typename std::enable_if<has_mapped_type<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      typename U::value_type &at(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash)
      {
        return const_cast<typename U::value_type &>(
            static_cast<const hopscotch_hash *>(this)->at(key, my_hash));
      }
 
      template <class K, class U = ValueSelect,
                typename std::enable_if<has_mapped_type<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      const typename U::value_type &at(const K &key) const
      {
        return at(key, hash_key(key));
      }
 
      template <class K, class U = ValueSelect,
                typename std::enable_if<has_mapped_type<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      const typename U::value_type &at(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash) const
      {
        using T = typename U::value_type;
 
        const T *value = find_value_impl(key, my_hash, m_buckets + bucket_for_hash(my_hash));
        if (value == nullptr) {
          throw std::out_of_range("Couldn't find key.");
        }
        else {
          return *value;
        }
      }
 
      template <class K, class U = ValueSelect,
                typename std::enable_if<has_mapped_type<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      typename U::value_type &operator[](K &&key)
      {
        using T = typename U::value_type;
 
        const std::size_t my_hash          = hash_key(key);
        const std::size_t ibucket_for_hash = bucket_for_hash(my_hash);
 
        T *value = find_value_impl(key, my_hash, m_buckets + ibucket_for_hash);
        if (value != nullptr) {
          return *value;
        }
        else {
          return insert_value(ibucket_for_hash, my_hash, std::piecewise_construct,
                              std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<K>(key)), std::forward_as_tuple())
              .first.value();
        }
      }
 
      template <class K> size_type count(const K &key) const { return count(key, hash_key(key)); }
 
      template <class K> size_type count(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash) const
      {
        return count_impl(key, my_hash, m_buckets + bucket_for_hash(my_hash));
      }
 
      template <class K> iterator find(const K &key) { return find(key, hash_key(key)); }
 
      template <class K> iterator find(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash)
      {
        return find_impl(key, my_hash, m_buckets + bucket_for_hash(my_hash));
      }
 
      template <class K> const_iterator find(const K &key) const
      {
        return find(key, hash_key(key));
      }
 
      template <class K> const_iterator find(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash) const
      {
        return find_impl(key, my_hash, m_buckets + bucket_for_hash(my_hash));
      }
 
      template <class K> bool contains(const K &key) const { return contains(key, hash_key(key)); }
 
      template <class K> bool contains(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash) const
      {
        return count(key, my_hash) != 0;
      }
 
      template <class K> std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const K &key)
      {
        return equal_range(key, hash_key(key));
      }
 
      template <class K>
      std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash)
      {
        iterator it = find(key, my_hash);
        return std::make_pair(it, (it == end()) ? it : std::next(it));
      }
 
      template <class K> std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const K &key) const
      {
        return equal_range(key, hash_key(key));
      }
 
      template <class K>
      std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash) const
      {
        const_iterator it = find(key, my_hash);
        return std::make_pair(it, (it == cend()) ? it : std::next(it));
      }
 
      /*
       * Bucket interface
       */
      size_type bucket_count() const
      {
        /*
         * So that the last bucket can have NeighborhoodSize neighbors, the size of the bucket array
         * is a little bigger than the real number of buckets when not empty. We could use some of
         * the buckets at the beginning, but it is faster this way as we avoid extra checks.
         */
        if (m_buckets_data.empty()) {
          return 0;
        }
 
        return m_buckets_data.size() - NeighborhoodSize + 1;
      }
 
      size_type max_bucket_count() const
      {
        const std::size_t max_bucket_count =
            std::min(GrowthPolicy::max_bucket_count(), m_buckets_data.max_size());
        return max_bucket_count - NeighborhoodSize + 1;
      }
 
      /*
       *  Hash policy
       */
      float load_factor() const
      {
        if (bucket_count() == 0) {
          return 0;
        }
 
        return float(m_nb_elements) / float(bucket_count());
      }
 
      float max_load_factor() const { return m_max_load_factor; }
 
      void max_load_factor(float ml)
      {
        m_max_load_factor           = std::max(0.1f, std::min(ml, 0.95f));
        m_max_load_threshold_rehash = size_type(float(bucket_count()) * m_max_load_factor);
        m_min_load_threshold_rehash = size_type(float(bucket_count()) * MIN_LOAD_FACTOR_FOR_REHASH);
      }
 
      void rehash(size_type count_)
      {
        count_ = std::max(count_, size_type(std::ceil(float(size()) / max_load_factor())));
        rehash_impl(count_);
      }
 
      void reserve(size_type count_)
      {
        rehash(size_type(std::ceil(float(count_) / max_load_factor())));
      }
 
      /*
       * Observers
       */
      hasher hash_function() const { return static_cast<const Hash &>(*this); }
 
      key_equal key_eq() const { return static_cast<const KeyEqual &>(*this); }
 
      /*
       * Other
       */
      iterator mutable_iterator(const_iterator pos)
      {
        if (pos.m_buckets_iterator != pos.m_buckets_end_iterator) {
          // Get a non-const iterator
          auto it = m_buckets_data.begin() +
                    std::distance(m_buckets_data.cbegin(), pos.m_buckets_iterator);
          return iterator(it, m_buckets_data.end(), m_overflow_elements.begin());
        }
        else {
          // Get a non-const iterator
          auto it = mutable_overflow_iterator(pos.m_overflow_iterator);
          return iterator(m_buckets_data.end(), m_buckets_data.end(), it);
        }
      }
 
      size_type overflow_size() const noexcept { return m_overflow_elements.size(); }
 
      template <class U                                                    = OverflowContainer,
                typename std::enable_if<has_key_compare<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      typename U::key_compare key_comp() const
      {
        return m_overflow_elements.key_comp();
      }
 
    private:
      template <class K> std::size_t hash_key(const K &key) const { return Hash::operator()(key); }
 
      template <class K1, class K2> bool compare_keys(const K1 &key1, const K2 &key2) const
      {
        return KeyEqual::operator()(key1, key2);
      }
 
      std::size_t bucket_for_hash(std::size_t my_hash) const
      {
        const std::size_t bucket = GrowthPolicy::bucket_for_hash(my_hash);
        tsl_hh_assert(bucket < m_buckets_data.size() || (bucket == 0 && m_buckets_data.empty()));
 
        return bucket;
      }
 
      template <
          typename U = value_type,
          typename std::enable_if<std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      void rehash_impl(size_type count_)
      {
        hopscotch_hash new_map = new_hopscotch_hash(count_);
 
        if (!m_overflow_elements.empty()) {
          new_map.m_overflow_elements.swap(m_overflow_elements);
          new_map.m_nb_elements += new_map.m_overflow_elements.size();
 
          for (const value_type &value : new_map.m_overflow_elements) {
            const std::size_t ibucket_for_hash =
                new_map.bucket_for_hash(new_map.hash_key(KeySelect()(value)));
            new_map.m_buckets[ibucket_for_hash].set_overflow(true);
          }
        }
 
        try {
          const bool use_stored_hash = USE_STORED_HASH_ON_REHASH(new_map.bucket_count());
          for (auto it_bucket = m_buckets_data.begin(); it_bucket != m_buckets_data.end();
               ++it_bucket) {
            if (it_bucket->empty()) {
              continue;
            }
 
            const std::size_t my_hash = use_stored_hash
                                            ? it_bucket->truncated_bucket_hash()
                                            : new_map.hash_key(KeySelect()(it_bucket->value()));
            const std::size_t ibucket_for_hash = new_map.bucket_for_hash(my_hash);
 
            new_map.insert_value(ibucket_for_hash, my_hash, std::move(it_bucket->value()));
 
            erase_from_bucket(*it_bucket, bucket_for_hash(my_hash));
          }
        }
        /*
         * The call to insert_value may throw an exception if an element is added to the overflow
         * list. Rollback the elements in this case.
         */
        catch (...) {
          m_overflow_elements.swap(new_map.m_overflow_elements);
 
          const bool use_stored_hash = USE_STORED_HASH_ON_REHASH(new_map.bucket_count());
          for (auto it_bucket = new_map.m_buckets_data.begin();
               it_bucket != new_map.m_buckets_data.end(); ++it_bucket) {
            if (it_bucket->empty()) {
              continue;
            }
 
            const std::size_t my_hash = use_stored_hash ? it_bucket->truncated_bucket_hash()
                                                        : hash_key(KeySelect()(it_bucket->value()));
            const std::size_t ibucket_for_hash = bucket_for_hash(my_hash);
 
            // The elements we insert were not in the overflow list before the switch.
            // They will not be go in the overflow list if we rollback the switch.
            insert_value(ibucket_for_hash, my_hash, std::move(it_bucket->value()));
          }
 
          throw;
        }
 
        new_map.swap(*this);
      }
 
      template <
          typename U = value_type,
          typename std::enable_if<std::is_copy_constructible<U>::value &&
                                  !std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      void rehash_impl(size_type count_)
      {
        hopscotch_hash new_map = new_hopscotch_hash(count_);
 
        const bool use_stored_hash = USE_STORED_HASH_ON_REHASH(new_map.bucket_count());
        for (const hopscotch_bucket &bucket : m_buckets_data) {
          if (bucket.empty()) {
            continue;
          }
 
          const std::size_t my_hash = use_stored_hash
                                          ? bucket.truncated_bucket_hash()
                                          : new_map.hash_key(KeySelect()(bucket.value()));
          const std::size_t ibucket_for_hash = new_map.bucket_for_hash(my_hash);
 
          new_map.insert_value(ibucket_for_hash, my_hash, bucket.value());
        }
 
        for (const value_type &value : m_overflow_elements) {
          const std::size_t my_hash          = new_map.hash_key(KeySelect()(value));
          const std::size_t ibucket_for_hash = new_map.bucket_for_hash(my_hash);
 
          new_map.insert_value(ibucket_for_hash, my_hash, value);
        }
 
        new_map.swap(*this);
      }
 
#ifdef TSL_HH_NO_RANGE_ERASE_WITH_CONST_ITERATOR
      iterator_overflow mutable_overflow_iterator(const_iterator_overflow it)
      {
        return std::next(m_overflow_elements.begin(),
                         std::distance(m_overflow_elements.cbegin(), it));
      }
#else
      iterator_overflow mutable_overflow_iterator(const_iterator_overflow it)
      {
        return m_overflow_elements.erase(it, it);
      }
#endif
 
      // iterator is in overflow list
      iterator_overflow erase_from_overflow(const_iterator_overflow pos,
                                            std::size_t             ibucket_for_hash)
      {
#ifdef TSL_HH_NO_RANGE_ERASE_WITH_CONST_ITERATOR
        auto it_next = m_overflow_elements.erase(mutable_overflow_iterator(pos));
#else
        auto it_next = m_overflow_elements.erase(pos);
#endif
        m_nb_elements--;
 
        // Check if we can remove the overflow flag
        tsl_hh_assert(m_buckets[ibucket_for_hash].has_overflow());
        for (const value_type &value : m_overflow_elements) {
          const std::size_t bucket_for_value = bucket_for_hash(hash_key(KeySelect()(value)));
          if (bucket_for_value == ibucket_for_hash) {
            return it_next;
          }
        }
 
        m_buckets[ibucket_for_hash].set_overflow(false);
        return it_next;
      }
 
      /**
       * bucket_for_value is the bucket in which the value is.
       * ibucket_for_hash is the bucket where the value belongs.
       */
      void erase_from_bucket(hopscotch_bucket &bucket_for_value,
                             std::size_t       ibucket_for_hash) noexcept
      {
        const std::size_t ibucket_for_value =
            std::distance(m_buckets_data.data(), &bucket_for_value);
        tsl_hh_assert(ibucket_for_value >= ibucket_for_hash);
 
        bucket_for_value.remove_value();
        m_buckets[ibucket_for_hash].toggle_neighbor_presence(ibucket_for_value - ibucket_for_hash);
        m_nb_elements--;
      }
 
      template <class K, class M> std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign_impl(K &&key, M &&obj)
      {
        auto it = try_emplace_impl(std::forward<K>(key), std::forward<M>(obj));
        if (!it.second) {
          it.first.value() = std::forward<M>(obj);
        }
 
        return it;
      }
 
      template <typename P, class... Args>
      std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace_impl(P &&key, Args &&... args_value)
      {
        const std::size_t my_hash          = hash_key(key);
        const std::size_t ibucket_for_hash = bucket_for_hash(my_hash);
 
        // Check if already presents
        auto it_find = find_impl(key, my_hash, m_buckets + ibucket_for_hash);
        if (it_find != end()) {
          return std::make_pair(it_find, false);
        }
 
        return insert_value(ibucket_for_hash, my_hash, std::piecewise_construct,
                            std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<P>(key)),
                            std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<Args>(args_value)...));
      }
 
      template <typename P> std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_impl(P &&value)
      {
        const std::size_t my_hash          = hash_key(KeySelect()(value));
        const std::size_t ibucket_for_hash = bucket_for_hash(my_hash);
 
        // Check if already presents
        auto it_find = find_impl(KeySelect()(value), my_hash, m_buckets + ibucket_for_hash);
        if (it_find != end()) {
          return std::make_pair(it_find, false);
        }
 
        return insert_value(ibucket_for_hash, my_hash, std::forward<P>(value));
      }
 
      template <typename... Args>
      std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_value(std::size_t ibucket_for_hash, std::size_t my_hash,
                                             Args &&... value_type_args)
      {
        if ((m_nb_elements - m_overflow_elements.size()) >= m_max_load_threshold_rehash) {
          rehash(GrowthPolicy::next_bucket_count());
          ibucket_for_hash = bucket_for_hash(my_hash);
        }
 
        std::size_t ibucket_empty = find_empty_bucket(ibucket_for_hash);
        if (ibucket_empty < m_buckets_data.size()) {
          do {
            tsl_hh_assert(ibucket_empty >= ibucket_for_hash);
 
            // Empty bucket is in range of NeighborhoodSize, use it
            if (ibucket_empty - ibucket_for_hash < NeighborhoodSize) {
              auto it = insert_in_bucket(ibucket_empty, ibucket_for_hash, my_hash,
                                         std::forward<Args>(value_type_args)...);
              return std::make_pair(iterator(it, m_buckets_data.end(), m_overflow_elements.begin()),
                                    true);
            }
          }
          // else, try to swap values to get a closer empty bucket
          while (swap_empty_bucket_closer(ibucket_empty));
        }
 
        // Load factor is too low or a rehash will not change the neighborhood, put the value in
        // overflow list
        if (size() < m_min_load_threshold_rehash ||
            !will_neighborhood_change_on_rehash(ibucket_for_hash)) {
          auto it = insert_in_overflow(ibucket_for_hash, std::forward<Args>(value_type_args)...);
          return std::make_pair(iterator(m_buckets_data.end(), m_buckets_data.end(), it), true);
        }
 
        rehash(GrowthPolicy::next_bucket_count());
        ibucket_for_hash = bucket_for_hash(my_hash);
 
        return insert_value(ibucket_for_hash, my_hash, std::forward<Args>(value_type_args)...);
      }
 
      /*
       * Return true if a rehash will change the position of a key-value in the neighborhood of
       * ibucket_neighborhood_check. In this case a rehash is needed instead of putting the value in
       * overflow list.
       */
      bool will_neighborhood_change_on_rehash(size_t ibucket_neighborhood_check) const
      {
        std::size_t  expand_bucket_count = GrowthPolicy::next_bucket_count();
        GrowthPolicy expand_growth_policy(expand_bucket_count);
 
        const bool use_stored_hash = USE_STORED_HASH_ON_REHASH(expand_bucket_count);
        for (size_t ibucket = ibucket_neighborhood_check;
             ibucket < m_buckets_data.size() &&
             (ibucket - ibucket_neighborhood_check) < NeighborhoodSize;
             ++ibucket) {
          tsl_hh_assert(!m_buckets[ibucket].empty());
 
          const size_t my_hash = use_stored_hash
                                     ? m_buckets[ibucket].truncated_bucket_hash()
                                     : hash_key(KeySelect()(m_buckets[ibucket].value()));
          if (bucket_for_hash(my_hash) != expand_growth_policy.bucket_for_hash(my_hash)) {
            return true;
          }
        }
 
        return false;
      }
 
      /*
       * Return the index of an empty bucket in m_buckets_data.
       * If none, the returned index equals m_buckets_data.size()
       */
      std::size_t find_empty_bucket(std::size_t ibucket_start) const
      {
        const std::size_t limit =
            std::min(ibucket_start + MAX_PROBES_FOR_EMPTY_BUCKET, m_buckets_data.size());
        for (; ibucket_start < limit; ibucket_start++) {
          if (m_buckets[ibucket_start].empty()) {
            return ibucket_start;
          }
        }
 
        return m_buckets_data.size();
      }
 
      /*
       * Insert value in ibucket_empty where value originally belongs to ibucket_for_hash
       *
       * Return bucket iterator to ibucket_empty
       */
      template <typename... Args>
      iterator_buckets insert_in_bucket(std::size_t ibucket_empty, std::size_t ibucket_for_hash,
                                        std::size_t my_hash, Args &&... value_type_args)
      {
        tsl_hh_assert(ibucket_empty >= ibucket_for_hash);
        tsl_hh_assert(m_buckets[ibucket_empty].empty());
        m_buckets[ibucket_empty].set_value_of_empty_bucket(hopscotch_bucket::truncate_hash(my_hash),
                                                           std::forward<Args>(value_type_args)...);
 
        tsl_hh_assert(!m_buckets[ibucket_for_hash].empty());
        m_buckets[ibucket_for_hash].toggle_neighbor_presence(ibucket_empty - ibucket_for_hash);
        m_nb_elements++;
 
        return m_buckets_data.begin() + ibucket_empty;
      }
 
      template <class... Args, class U = OverflowContainer,
                typename std::enable_if<!has_key_compare<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      iterator_overflow insert_in_overflow(std::size_t ibucket_for_hash, Args &&... value_type_args)
      {
        auto it = m_overflow_elements.emplace(m_overflow_elements.end(),
                                              std::forward<Args>(value_type_args)...);
 
        m_buckets[ibucket_for_hash].set_overflow(true);
        m_nb_elements++;
 
        return it;
      }
 
      template <class... Args, class U = OverflowContainer,
                typename std::enable_if<has_key_compare<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      iterator_overflow insert_in_overflow(std::size_t ibucket_for_hash, Args &&... value_type_args)
      {
        auto it = m_overflow_elements.emplace(std::forward<Args>(value_type_args)...).first;
 
        m_buckets[ibucket_for_hash].set_overflow(true);
        m_nb_elements++;
 
        return it;
      }
 
      /*
       * Try to swap the bucket ibucket_empty_in_out with a bucket preceding it while keeping the
       * neighborhood conditions correct.
       *
       * If a swap was possible, the position of ibucket_empty_in_out will be closer to 0 and true
       * will re returned.
       */
      bool swap_empty_bucket_closer(std::size_t &ibucket_empty_in_out)
      {
        tsl_hh_assert(ibucket_empty_in_out >= NeighborhoodSize);
        const std::size_t neighborhood_start = ibucket_empty_in_out - NeighborhoodSize + 1;
 
        for (std::size_t to_check = neighborhood_start; to_check < ibucket_empty_in_out;
             to_check++) {
          neighborhood_bitmap neighborhood_infos = m_buckets[to_check].neighborhood_infos();
          std::size_t         to_swap            = to_check;
 
          while (neighborhood_infos != 0 && to_swap < ibucket_empty_in_out) {
            if ((neighborhood_infos & 1) == 1) {
              tsl_hh_assert(m_buckets[ibucket_empty_in_out].empty());
              tsl_hh_assert(!m_buckets[to_swap].empty());
 
              m_buckets[to_swap].swap_value_into_empty_bucket(m_buckets[ibucket_empty_in_out]);
 
              tsl_hh_assert(
                  !m_buckets[to_check].check_neighbor_presence(ibucket_empty_in_out - to_check));
              tsl_hh_assert(m_buckets[to_check].check_neighbor_presence(to_swap - to_check));
 
              m_buckets[to_check].toggle_neighbor_presence(ibucket_empty_in_out - to_check);
              m_buckets[to_check].toggle_neighbor_presence(to_swap - to_check);
 
              ibucket_empty_in_out = to_swap;
 
              return true;
            }
 
            to_swap++;
            neighborhood_infos = neighborhood_bitmap(neighborhood_infos >> 1);
          }
        }
 
        return false;
      }
 
      template <class K, class U = ValueSelect,
                typename std::enable_if<has_mapped_type<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      typename U::value_type *find_value_impl(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash,
                                              hopscotch_bucket *bucket_for_hash)
      {
        return const_cast<typename U::value_type *>(
            static_cast<const hopscotch_hash *>(this)->find_value_impl(key, my_hash,
                                                                       bucket_for_hash));
      }
 
      /*
       * Avoid the creation of an iterator to just get the value for operator[] and at() in maps.
       * Faster this way.
       *
       * Return null if no value for the key (TODO use std::optional when available).
       */
      template <class K, class U = ValueSelect,
                typename std::enable_if<has_mapped_type<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      const typename U::value_type *find_value_impl(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash,
                                                    const hopscotch_bucket *bucket_for_hash) const
      {
        const hopscotch_bucket *bucket_found = find_in_buckets(key, my_hash, bucket_for_hash);
        if (bucket_found != nullptr) {
          return std::addressof(ValueSelect()(bucket_found->value()));
        }
 
        if (bucket_for_hash->has_overflow()) {
          auto it_overflow = find_in_overflow(key);
          if (it_overflow != m_overflow_elements.end()) {
            return std::addressof(ValueSelect()(*it_overflow));
          }
        }
 
        return nullptr;
      }
 
      template <class K>
      size_type count_impl(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash,
                           const hopscotch_bucket *bucket_for_hash) const
      {
        if (find_in_buckets(key, my_hash, bucket_for_hash) != nullptr) {
          return 1;
        }
        else if (bucket_for_hash->has_overflow() &&
                 find_in_overflow(key) != m_overflow_elements.cend()) {
          return 1;
        }
        else {
          return 0;
        }
      }
 
      template <class K>
      iterator find_impl(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash, hopscotch_bucket *bucket_for_hash)
      {
        hopscotch_bucket *bucket_found = find_in_buckets(key, my_hash, bucket_for_hash);
        if (bucket_found != nullptr) {
          return iterator(m_buckets_data.begin() +
                              std::distance(m_buckets_data.data(), bucket_found),
                          m_buckets_data.end(), m_overflow_elements.begin());
        }
 
        if (!bucket_for_hash->has_overflow()) {
          return end();
        }
 
        return iterator(m_buckets_data.end(), m_buckets_data.end(), find_in_overflow(key));
      }
 
      template <class K>
      const_iterator find_impl(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash,
                               const hopscotch_bucket *bucket_for_hash) const
      {
        const hopscotch_bucket *bucket_found = find_in_buckets(key, my_hash, bucket_for_hash);
        if (bucket_found != nullptr) {
          return const_iterator(m_buckets_data.cbegin() +
                                    std::distance(m_buckets_data.data(), bucket_found),
                                m_buckets_data.cend(), m_overflow_elements.cbegin());
        }
 
        if (!bucket_for_hash->has_overflow()) {
          return cend();
        }
 
        return const_iterator(m_buckets_data.cend(), m_buckets_data.cend(), find_in_overflow(key));
      }
 
      template <class K>
      hopscotch_bucket *find_in_buckets(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash,
                                        hopscotch_bucket *bucket_for_hash)
      {
        const hopscotch_bucket *bucket_found =
            static_cast<const hopscotch_hash *>(this)->find_in_buckets(key, my_hash,
                                                                       bucket_for_hash);
        return const_cast<hopscotch_bucket *>(bucket_found);
      }
 
      /**
       * Return a pointer to the bucket which has the value, nullptr otherwise.
       */
      template <class K>
      const hopscotch_bucket *find_in_buckets(const K &key, std::size_t my_hash,
                                              const hopscotch_bucket *bucket_for_hash) const
      {
        (void)my_hash; // Avoid warning of unused variable when StoreHash is false;
 
        // TODO Try to optimize the function.
        // I tried to use ffs and  __builtin_ffs functions but I could not reduce the time the
        // function takes with -march=native
 
        neighborhood_bitmap neighborhood_infos = bucket_for_hash->neighborhood_infos();
        while (neighborhood_infos != 0) {
          if ((neighborhood_infos & 1) == 1) {
            // Check StoreHash before calling bucket_hash_equal. Functionally it doesn't change
            // anythin. If StoreHash is false, bucket_hash_equal is a no-op. Avoiding the call is
            // there to help GCC optimizes `hash` parameter away, it seems to not be able to do
            // without this hint.
            if ((!StoreHash || bucket_for_hash->bucket_hash_equal(my_hash)) &&
                compare_keys(KeySelect()(bucket_for_hash->value()), key)) {
              return bucket_for_hash;
            }
          }
 
          ++bucket_for_hash;
          neighborhood_infos = neighborhood_bitmap(neighborhood_infos >> 1);
        }
 
        return nullptr;
      }
 
      template <class K, class U = OverflowContainer,
                typename std::enable_if<!has_key_compare<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      iterator_overflow find_in_overflow(const K &key)
      {
        return std::find_if(
            m_overflow_elements.begin(), m_overflow_elements.end(),
            [&](const value_type &value) { return compare_keys(key, KeySelect()(value)); });
      }
 
      template <class K, class U = OverflowContainer,
                typename std::enable_if<!has_key_compare<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      const_iterator_overflow find_in_overflow(const K &key) const
      {
        return std::find_if(
            m_overflow_elements.cbegin(), m_overflow_elements.cend(),
            [&](const value_type &value) { return compare_keys(key, KeySelect()(value)); });
      }
 
      template <class K, class U = OverflowContainer,
                typename std::enable_if<has_key_compare<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      iterator_overflow find_in_overflow(const K &key)
      {
        return m_overflow_elements.find(key);
      }
 
      template <class K, class U = OverflowContainer,
                typename std::enable_if<has_key_compare<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      const_iterator_overflow find_in_overflow(const K &key) const
      {
        return m_overflow_elements.find(key);
      }
 
      template <class U                                                     = OverflowContainer,
                typename std::enable_if<!has_key_compare<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      hopscotch_hash new_hopscotch_hash(size_type bucket_count)
      {
        return hopscotch_hash(bucket_count, static_cast<Hash &>(*this),
                              static_cast<KeyEqual &>(*this), get_allocator(), m_max_load_factor);
      }
 
      template <class U                                                    = OverflowContainer,
                typename std::enable_if<has_key_compare<U>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      hopscotch_hash new_hopscotch_hash(size_type bucket_count)
      {
        return hopscotch_hash(bucket_count, static_cast<Hash &>(*this),
                              static_cast<KeyEqual &>(*this), get_allocator(), m_max_load_factor,
                              m_overflow_elements.key_comp());
      }
 
    public:
      static const size_type DEFAULT_INIT_BUCKETS_SIZE = 0;
      static constexpr float DEFAULT_MAX_LOAD_FACTOR   = (NeighborhoodSize <= 30) ? 0.8f : 0.9f;
 
    private:
      static const std::size_t MAX_PROBES_FOR_EMPTY_BUCKET = 12 * NeighborhoodSize;
      static constexpr float   MIN_LOAD_FACTOR_FOR_REHASH  = 0.1f;
 
      /**
       * We can only use the hash on rehash if the size of the hash type is the same as the stored
       * one or if we use a power of two modulo. In the case of the power of two modulo, we just
       * mask the least significant bytes, we just have to check that the truncated_hash_type didn't
       * truncated too much bytes.
       */
      template <
          class T                                                                      = size_type,
          typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<T, truncated_hash_type>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      static bool USE_STORED_HASH_ON_REHASH(size_type /*bucket_count*/)
      {
        return StoreHash;
      }
 
      template <
          class T                                                                       = size_type,
          typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<T, truncated_hash_type>::value>::type * = nullptr>
      static bool USE_STORED_HASH_ON_REHASH(size_type bucket_count)
      {
        (void)bucket_count;
        if (StoreHash && is_power_of_two_policy<GrowthPolicy>::value) {
          tsl_hh_assert(bucket_count > 0);
          return (bucket_count - 1) <= std::numeric_limits<truncated_hash_type>::max();
        }
        else {
          return false;
        }
      }
 
      /**
       * Return an always valid pointer to an static empty hopscotch_bucket.
       */
      hopscotch_bucket *static_empty_bucket_ptr()
      {
        static hopscotch_bucket empty_bucket;
        return &empty_bucket;
      }
 
    private:
      buckets_container_type  m_buckets_data;
      overflow_container_type m_overflow_elements;
 
      /**
       * Points to m_buckets_data.data() if !m_buckets_data.empty() otherwise points to
       * static_empty_bucket_ptr. This variable is useful to avoid the cost of checking if
       * m_buckets_data is empty when trying to find an element.
       *
       * TODO Remove m_buckets_data and only use a pointer+size instead of a pointer+vector to save
       * some space in the hopscotch_hash object.
       */
      hopscotch_bucket *m_buckets;
 
      size_type m_nb_elements;
 
      float m_max_load_factor;
 
      /**
       * Max size of the hash table before a rehash occurs automatically to grow the table.
       */
      size_type m_max_load_threshold_rehash;
 
      /**
       * Min size of the hash table before a rehash can occurs automatically (except if
       * m_max_load_threshold_rehash os reached). If the neighborhood of a bucket is full before the
       * min is reacher, the elements are put into m_overflow_elements.
       */
      size_type m_min_load_threshold_rehash;
    };
 
  } // end namespace detail_hopscotch_hash
 
} // end namespace tsl
 
#endif