Methodology Sources and References

@article{gault1966patterns,
  author                   = {Gault, James H and Ross, John and Mason, Dean T},
  journal                  = {Ciculation},
  number                   = {November 1966},
  pages                    = {833--847},
  title                    = {{Patterns of Brachial Arterial Blood Flow in Conscious Human Subjects with and without Cardiac Dysfunction}},
  url                      = {http://ahajournals.org},
  volume                   = {XXXIV},
  year                     = {1966}
}

@article{holland1998ultrasound,
  issn                     = {0301-5629},
  journal                  = {Ultrasound in medicine {\&} biology},
  month                    = {oct},
  number                   = {8},
  pages                    = {1079--86},
  pmid                     = {9833575},
  title                    = {{Lower extremity volumetric arterial blood flow in normal subjects.}},
  url                      = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9833575},
  volume                   = {24},
  year                     = {1998}
}


@Article{abbas2003echocardiographic,
  Title                    = {Echocardiographic Determination of Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure},
  Author                   = {Abbas and others},
  Journal                  = {The American Journal of Cardiology},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{abram2007quantitative,
  Title                    = {Quantitative Circulatory Physiology: an integrative mathematical model of human physiology for medical education},
  Author                   = {Abram, Sean R and Hodnett, Benjamin L and Summers, Richard L and Coleman, Thomas G and Hester, Robert L},
  Journal                  = {Advances in Physiology Education},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {202--210},
  Volume                   = {31},
  Publisher                = {Am Physiological Soc}
}

@Other{Adrignola2007anatomy,
  Title                    = {%Anatomy and physiology of animals Filtration in the glomerulus capsule},
  Author                   = {Wikipedia User:Adrignola},
  Month                    = nov,
  Organization             = {Wikipedia},
  Timestamp                = {2015.07.24},
  Url                      = {http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg&oldid=125936658},
  Year                     = {2015}
}

@Article{adrogue2000hypernatremia,
  Title                    = {Hypernatremia},
  Author                   = {Adrogu{\'e}, Horacio J and Madias, Nicolaos E},
  Journal                  = {New England Journal of Medicine},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Number                   = {20},
  Pages                    = {1493--1499},
  Volume                   = {342},
  Publisher                = {Mass Medical Soc},
  Timestamp                = {2014.08.20}
}

@Article{akata1998massive,
  Title                    = {Massive Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage Associated with Femoral Vein Cannulation},
  Author                   = {Akata and others},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Clinical Anesthesia},
  Year                     = {1998},
  Volume                   = {342},

  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{alastruey2011visco,
  Title                    = {Pulse wave propagation in a model human arterial network: Assessment of 1-D visco-elastic simulations against in vitro measurements},
  Author                   = {Alastruey J., A. W. Khir, K. S. Matthys, P. Segers, S. J. Sherwin, P. R. Verdonck, K. H. Parker, J. Peiro},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Biomechanics},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Pages                    = {2250-2258},
  Volume                   = {44}
}

@Article{johnstone2005factors,
  Title                    = {Factors influencing variation in basal metabolic rate include fat-free mass, fat mass, age, and circulating thyroxine but not sex, circulating leptin or triiodothyronine},
  Author                   = {Alexandra M Johnstone, Sandra D Murison, Jackie S Duncan, Kellie A Rance, John R Speakman},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Clinical Nutrition},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Pages                    = {941-948},
  Volume                   = {82},

  Abstract                 = {Background: Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the largest component
of daily energy demand in Western societies. Previous studies indicated
that BMR is highly variable, but the cause of this variation is
disputed. All studies agree that variation in fat-free mass (FFM)
plays a major role, but effects of fat mass (FM), age, sex, and the
hormones leptin, triiodothyrionine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) remain
uncertain.
Objective: We partitioned the variance in BMR into within- and
between-subject effects and explored the roles of FFM, FM, bone
mineral content, sex, age, and circulating concentrations of plasma
leptin, T3, and T4.
Design: This was a cross-sectional study of 150 white adults from
northeast Scotland, United Kingdom.
Results: Only 2% of the observed variability in BMR was attributable
to within-subject effects, of which 0.5% was analytic error. Of
the remaining variance, which reflected between-subject effects,
63% was explained by FFM, 6% by FM, and 2% by age. The effects
of sex and bone mineral content were not significant (P  0.05).
Twenty-six percent of the variance remained unexplained. This variation
was not associated with concentrations of circulating leptin or
T3. T4 was not significant in women but explained 25% of the
residual variance in men.
Conclusions: Our data confirm that both FFM and FM are significant
contributors to BMR. When the effect of FM on BMR is removed,
any association with leptin concentrations disappears, which
suggests that previous links between circulating leptin concentrations
and BMR occurred only because of inadequate control for the
effects of FM.},
  Keywords                 = {Obesity, metabolism, hormones, health, body
composition}
}

@Article{roza1984harris,
  Title                    = {The Harris and Benedict equation reevaluated resting and energy requirements and the body cell mass},
  Author                   = {Allan M Roza M.D., Harry M Shizgal M.D.},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Clinical Nutrition},
  Year                     = {1984},

  Month                    = {July},
  Pages                    = {168-162},
  Volume                   = {40},

  Abstract                 = {The Harris Benedict equations (HBE) were derived from indirect calorimetric

data obtained in 239 normal subjects. Using these data and additonal data published by Benedict,

which were obtained from subjects spanning a wider age range (n = 98), the present study

evaluated the relationship between measured resting energy expenditure and age, sex, and

predicted body cell mass (BCM). When the additional subjects from the subsequently published

series are included, the regression equations, standard error ofthe estimate, and 95% confidence

limits are similar to the original equations. The HBE estimate resting energy expenditure of a

normal subject with a precision of 14%. Resting energy expenditure is directly related to the size

of the 8CM and is independent of age and sex. The variables of height, weight, age, and sex in

the HBE reflect the relationship between body weight and the BCM. Indirect calorimetry and

body composition measurements were performed in both normally nourished and malnourished

patients (n = 74) to assess the accuracy of the HBE in malnourished patients. Malnutrition is

associated with an increase in resting oxygen consumption (V02) which becomes apparent only

when V02 is expressed as a function of the BCM. There is no difference in resting VO2 between

the sexes when expressed as a function of BCM. A regression equation was derived from the

Harris Benedict data to predict resting V02 from age, height, weight, and sex. Predicted VO2 was

not significantly different from measured VO2 for the normally nourished patients (n = 33)

whereas in the malnourished (n = 41) predicted VO2 underestimated the measured value. The

HBE accurately predict resting energy expenditure in normally nourished individuals with a

precision of ±14%, but are unreliable in the malnourished patient.},
  Keywords                 = {Basal metabolism, body composition, energy, malnutrition, metabolism}
}

@Article{anderson2007verification,
  Title                    = {Verification, validation and sensitivity studies in computational biomechanics},
  Author                   = {Anderson, Andrew E and Ellis, Benjamin J and Weiss, Jeffrey A},
  Journal                  = {Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {171--184},
  Volume                   = {10},
  Publisher                = {Taylor \& Francis}
}

@Article{anderson1998pharmacokinetics,
  Title                    = {Pharmacokinetics of (R, S)-Albuterol after aerosol inhalation in healthy adult volunteers},
  Author                   = {Anderson, Paula J and Zhou, Xiang and Breen, Phil and Gann, Larry and Logsdon, Todd W and Compadre, Cesar M and Charles Hiller, F},
  Journal                  = {Journal of pharmaceutical sciences},
  Year                     = {1998},
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {841--844},
  Volume                   = {87},
  Publisher                = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{anderson1990development,
  title={Development of hypertension from unilateral renal artery stenosis in conscious dogs.},
  author={Anderson, Warwick P and Ramsey, Debra E and Takata, Masanobu},
  journal={Hypertension},
  volume={16},
  number={4},
  pages={441--451},
  year={1990},
  publisher={Am Heart Assoc}
}

@Article{antoine1888tensions,
  Title                    = {Tensions des vapeurs; nouvelle relation entre les tensions et les temp{\'e}ratures},
  Author                   = {Antoine, Compt},
  Journal                  = {Comptes Rendus des S{\'e}ances de l'Acad{\'e}mie des Sciences},
  Year                     = {1888},
  Pages                    = {681--684},
  Volume                   = {107}
}

@Article{aroesty1985simultaneous,
  Title                    = {Simultaneous assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction during pacing-induced ischemia.},
  Author                   = {Aroesty, JULIAN M and McKay, RAYMOND G and Heller, GARY V and Royal, HENRY D and Als, AV and Grossman, WILLIAM},
  Journal                  = {Circulation},
  Year                     = {1985},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {889--900},
  Volume                   = {71},
  Publisher                = {Am Heart Assoc}
}

@Article{arthurs2005carbon,
  Title                    = {Carbon dioxide transport},
  Author                   = {Arthurs, GJ and Sudhakar, M},
  Journal                  = {Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care \& Pain},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {207--210},
  Volume                   = {5},
  Publisher                = {RcoA}
}

@Article{ayache2006towards,
  Title                    = {Towards virtual physiological human: Multilevel modelling and simulation of the human anatomy and physiology},
  Author                   = {Ayache, N and Boissel, JP and Brunak, S and Clapworthy, G and Lonsdale, G and Fingberg, J and Frangi, A and Deco, G and Hunter, P and Nielsen, P and others},
  Journal                  = {Virtual Physiological Human: White paper, EC-DG INFSO and DG JRC},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Pages                    = {213--220},
  Volume                   = {156}
}

@InProceedings{bache1981time,
  Title                    = {Time-domain system identification applied to noninvasive estimation of cardiopulmonary quantities},
  Author                   = {Bache, RA and Gray, WM and Murray-Smith, DJ},
  Booktitle                = {Control Theory and Applications, IEE Proceedings D},
  Year                     = {1981},
  Number                   = {2},
  Organization             = {IET},
  Pages                    = {56--64},
  Volume                   = {128}
}

@Article{Barlett1991Fat,
  Title                    = {Fat-free mass in relation to stature: ratios of fat-free mass to height in children, adults, and elderly subjects.},
  Author                   = {Barlett, Harold L and Puhl, Susan M and Hodgson, James L and Buskirk, Elsworth R},
  Journal                  = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},
  Year                     = {1991},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1112--1116},
  Volume                   = {53},
  Publisher                = {Am Soc Nutrition}
}

@Article{barlett1991fat,
  Title                    = {Fat-free mass in relation to stature: ratios of fat-free mass in children, adultsm and elderly subjects},
  Author                   = {Harold L Barlett, Susan M Puhl, James L Hodgson, Elsworth R Buskirk},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Clinical Nutrition},
  Year                     = {1991},
  Pages                    = {1112-1116},
  Volume                   = {53},

  Abstract                 = {A cross-sectional relationship of fat-free mass
to height expressed as a ratio (FFM:ht) is presented for 1 103
people aged 6-86 y. Data are presented for 13 specific age groups
by gender. By providing information for normal, healthy mdividuals,
these data may be ofcomparative value for nutritionists
and clinicians concerned with body composition ofpatients with
wasting diseases. The data were collected over 20 y in our laboratory
by using the same densitometric procedure. A significant
increase in FFM:ht occurs during the preadolescent and adolescent
years. The adolescent spurt continues for a longer period
for boys than for girls, resulting in a significant gender difference
beginning at ‘?age 16 y and continuing throughout adulthood.
A decline in FFM:ht, not statistically significant, appears to occur
in men > 60 y of age, and a significant decline occurs among
women > 50 y of age (a < 0.01). Thus, both gender- and agerelated
trends that have implications for the interpretation of
comparative body-composition status are suggested.},
  Keywords                 = {Fat-free weight/height index, aging, lean
body mass}
}

@InProceedings{baskurt2003blood,
  Title                    = {Blood rheology and hemodynamics},
  Author                   = {Baskurt, Oguz K and Meiselman, Herbert J and others},
  Booktitle                = {Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Number                   = {5},
  Organization             = {New York: Stratton Intercontinental Medical Book Corporation, c1974-},
  Pages                    = {435--450},
  Volume                   = {29}
}

@Article{Batzel2005chemicalFeedback,
  Title                    = {A cardiovascular-respiratory control system model including state delay with application to congestive heart failure in humans},
  Author                   = {Batzel, J et al.},
  Journal                  = {J. Math. Biol. },
  Year                     = {2005},
  Pages                    = {293--335},
  Volume                   = {50}
}

@Book{batzel2013mathematical,
  Title                    = {Mathematical Modeling and Validation in Physiology: Applications to the %Cardiovascular and %Respiratory Systems},
  Editor                   = {Jerry J. Batzel and Franz Kappel and Mostafa Bachar},
  Publisher                = {Springer},
  Year                     = {2013}
}

@Article{baylis2009interpretation,
  Title                    = {Interpretation of arterial blood gases},
  Author                   = {Claire Baylis, Chris Till},
  Journal                  = {Surgery},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {470-474},
  Volume                   = {27},

  Abstract                 = {Arterial blood gas analysis is a frequently used and extremely useful clinical
tool. Doctors of all levels understand the results to varying degrees.
This article aims to explain some of the more important points and thus
help with interpretation of results. Not all of the results produced by
a blood gas analyser are measured; the machine calculates some itself.
The three things the machine actually measures are the pH of the
blood and the partial pressures of both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Doctors within the specialty often run high-dependency units and therefore
it is important for surgeons to be able to understand and act on
abnormal results. One of the most commonly held misconceptions is
the need to withdraw supplemental oxygen in order to establish if
a patient is hypoxic. This is not necessary and the reasons are detailed
in this short article. Abnormalities in acidebase disturbance and the
concepts of buffering, compensation and the effects of altitude are also
discussed. The final part of this article is a stepwise guide to interpretation
of blood gases.},
  Keywords                 = {acidosis; alkalosis; buffers; carbon (dioxide); oxygen}
}

@Article{ClaireBaylis2009,
  Title                    = {Interpretation of arterial blood gases},
  Author                   = {Claire Baylis and Chris Till},
  Journal                  = {Surgery},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {470-474},
  Volume                   = {27},

  Abstract                 = {Arterial blood gas analysis is a frequently used and extremely useful clinical tool. Doctors of all levels understand the results to varying degrees. This article aims to explain some of the more important points and thus help with interpretation of results. Not all of the results produced by a blood gas analyser are measured; the machine calculates some itself. The three things the machine actually measures are the pH of the blood and the partial pressures of both oxygen and carbon dioxide. Doctors within the specialty often run high-dependency units and therefore it is important for surgeons to be able to understand and act on abnormal results. One of the most commonly held misconceptions is the need to withdraw supplemental oxygen in order to establish if a patient is hypoxic. This is not necessary and the reasons are detailed in this short article. Abnormalities in acidebase disturbance and the concepts of buffering, compensation and the effects of altitude are also discussed. The final part of this article is a stepwise guide to interpretation of blood gases.},
  Keywords                 = {acidosis; alkalosis; buffers; carbon (dioxide); oxygen},
  Timestamp                = {2014.02.18}
}

@Article{bean1984regulation,
  Title                    = {Regulation of the rate of urea synthesis in liver by extracellular pH. A major factor in pH homeostasis in mammals.},
  Author                   = {Bean, Eric S and Atkinson, Daniel E},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},
  Year                     = {1984},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1552--1559},
  Volume                   = {259},

  Publisher                = {ASBMB}
}

@Article{bellomo2002bench,
  Title                    = {Bench-to-bedside review: lactate and the kidney},
  Author                   = {Bellomo, Rinaldo},
  Journal                  = {Critical Care},
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {322},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Publisher                = {BioMed Central Ltd}
}

@Article{benetos1993arterial,
  Title                    = {Arterial alterations with aging and high blood pressure. A noninvasive study of carotid and femoral arteries.},
  Author                   = {Benetos and others},
  Journal                  = {Journal of the American Heart Association},
  Year                     = {1993},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{Benzinger1969,
  Title                    = {Heat Regulation: Homeostasis of Central Temperature in Man},
  Author                   = {T.H. Benzinger},
  Journal                  = {Physiological Reviews},
  Year                     = {1969},

  Month                    = {October},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {671-759},
  Volume                   = {49},
  Timestamp                = {2014.02.18}
}

@Article{berry1952haemoglobin,
  Title                    = {Haemoglobin Levels in Adults and Children},
  Author                   = {Berry and others},
  Journal                  = {British Medical Journal},
  Year                     = {1952},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.22}
}

@Article{berg2010adult,
  Title                    = {2010 American Heart Association for Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resusciation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care},
  Author                   = {Berg RA et al.},
  Journal                  = {Circulation},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {122},
  Pages                    = {S685--S705}
}

@Article{blake2010specificheat,
  Title                    = {Effects of changes in packed cell volume on the specific heat capacity of blood: implications for studies measuring heat exchange in extracorporeal circuits},
  Author                   = {Blake A.S.T. et al.},
  Journal                  = {British Journal of Anaesthesia},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Number                   = {84},
  Pages                    = {28--32},
  Volume                   = {1}
}

@Article{bogren1989pulmonary,
  Title                    = {Pulmonary artery distensibility and blood flow patterns: A magnetic resonance study of normal subjects and of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension},
  Author                   = {Bogren and others},
  Journal                  = {American Heart Journal},
  Year                     = {1989},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{bolter1976effect,
  Title                    = {Effect of cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation on canine carotid sinus reflex},
  Author                   = {Bolter, CHRIS P and others},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Physiology--Legacy Content},
  Year                     = {1976},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1026--1030},
  Volume                   = {230},

  Publisher                = {Am Physiological Soc}
}

@Book{bond200968w,
  Title                    = {68W Advanced Field Craft: Combat Medic Skills},
  Author                   = {Bond, Casey and Hastings, Patricia R and Pollak, Andrew N and Kling, Jennifer},
  Publisher                = {Jones \& Bartlett Publishers},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Pages                    = {42}
}

@Article{botnar2000hemodynamics,
  Title                    = {HHemodynamic in the carotid artery bifurcation: a comparison between numerical simulations and in vitro MRI measurements},
  Author                   = {Botnar and others},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Biomechanics},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@article{bouchikhi1988particle,
  title                    = {Particle size study of nine metered dose inhalers, and their deposition probabilities in the airways},
  author                   = {Bouchikhi, A and Becquemin, MH and Bignon, J and Roy, M and Teillac, A},
  journal                  = {European Respiratory Journal},
  volume                   = {1},
  number                   = {6},
  pages                    = {547--552},
  year                     = {1988},
  publisher                = {Eur Respiratory Soc}
}

@Article{boutelier2003experimental,
  Title                    = {Experimental study of convective heat transfer coefficient for the human body in water},
  Author                   = {C. Boutelier and L. Bougues and J. Timbal},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Applied Physiology},
  Year                     = {1977},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {93-100},
  Volume                   = {42},
  Publisher                = {Am Physiological Soc}
}

@Article{bowen1984platelet,
  Title                    = {Platelet-derived growth factor in vivo: levels, activity, and rate of clearance},
  Author                   = {Bowen-Pope, Daniel F and Malpass, Thomas W and Foster, David M and Ross, Russell},
  Journal                  = {Blood},
  Year                     = {1984},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {458--469},
  Volume                   = {64},
  Publisher                = {American Society of Hematology},
  Timestamp                = {2014.08.20}
}

@Article{bradley1945estimation,
  Title                    = {The Estimation of Hepatic Blood Flow in Man},
  Author                   = {Bradley and others},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Clinical Investigation},
  Year                     = {1945},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{brandfonbrener1955changes,
  Title                    = {Changes in Cardiac Output with Age},
  Author                   = {Brandfonbrener and others},
  Journal                  = {Circulation},
  Year                     = {1955},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{brecher1955pulmonary,
  Title                    = {Pulmonary Blood Flow and Venous Return During Spontaneous Respiration},
  Author                   = {Brecher and Hubay},
  Journal                  = {Journal of the American Heart Association},
  Year                     = {1955},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{brewster1979femoral,
  Title                    = {Femoral Artery Pressure Measurement During Aortography},
  Author                   = {Brewster and others},
  Journal                  = {Circulation},
  Year                     = {1979},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{bronk1932afferent,
  Title                    = {Afferent impulses in the carotid sinus nerve i. the relation of the discharge from single end organs to arterial blood pressure},
  Author                   = {Bronk, DW and Stella, G},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology},
  Year                     = {1932},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {113--130},
  Volume                   = {1},

  Publisher                = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@Book{bronzino1999biomedical,
  Title                    = {Biomedical engineering handbook},
  Author                   = {Bronzino, Joseph D},
  Publisher                = {CRC press},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Volume                   = {2}
}

@Article{brunner1981effect,
  Title                    = {The effect of the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex on blood flow and volume redistribution in the total systemic vascular bed of the dog.},
  Author                   = {Brunner, MARTHA J and Shoukas, ARTIN A and MacAnespie, CAROL L},
  Journal                  = {Circulation research},
  Year                     = {1981},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {274--285},
  Volume                   = {48},
  Publisher                = {Am Heart Assoc}
}

@Article{Budwiser2007chemicalFeedback,
  Title                    = {Prognostic value of mouth occlusion pressure in patients with chronic ventilatory failure},
  Author                   = {Budwiser, S. et al.},
  Journal                  = {Respir Med},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Pages                    = {2343--2351},
  Volume                   = {101},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier Ltd.}
}

@Electronic{budzikowski2014tachycardia,
  Title                    = {Atrial Tachycardia},
  Author                   = {Adam S Budzikowski},
  Month                    = {March},
  Url                      = {http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151456-overview#a0101},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Timestamp                = {2014.09.10}
}

@Article{burch1952george,
  Title                    = {The George Fahr Lecture: Certain Mechanical Peculiarities of the Human Cardiac Pump in Normal and Diseased States},
  Author                   = {Burch and others},
  Journal                  = {Circulation},
  Year                     = {1952},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{burdett2003hyperchloremic,
  Title                    = {Hyperchloremic acidosis: pathophysiology and clinical impact},
  Author                   = {Burdett, Edward and Roche, Antony M and Mythen, Michael G},
  Journal                  = {Transfusion alternatives in transfusion medicine},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {424--430},
  Volume                   = {5},
  Publisher                = {Wiley Online Library},
  Timestamp                = {2014.08.20}
}

@Article{Cain1990,
  Title                    = {%Respiratory heat loss during work at various ambient temperatures},
  Author                   = {Cain, JB and Livingstone, SD and Nolan, RW and Keefe, AA},
  Journal                  = {Respiration physiology},
  Year                     = {1990},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {145--150},
  Volume                   = {79},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier}
}

@Article{de2013object,
  Title                    = {Object-oriented modeling and simulation of the closed loop cardiovascular system by using SIMSCAPE},
  Author                   = {de Canete, J Fernandez and Saz-Orozco, P del and Moreno-Boza, D and Duran-Venegas, E},
  Journal                  = {Computers in biology and medicine},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier}
}

@Article{Canic2003HyperbolicBlood,
  Title                    = {Mathematical analysis of the quasilinear effects in a hyperbolic model blood flow through compliant axi-symmetric vessels},
  Author                   = {Suncica Canic and Eun Heui Kim},
  Journal                  = {Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences,},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Number                   = {14},
  Pages                    = {1161-186},
  Volume                   = {26},
  Timestamp                = {2014.09.02}
}

@Article{carey1969cardiovascular,
  Title                    = {%Cardiovascular function in hemorrhage, trauma and sepsis: determinants of cardiac output and cardiac work.},
  Author                   = {Carey, Joseph S and Mohr, Patricia A and Brown, Robert S and Shoemaker, William C},
  Journal                  = {Annals of surgery},
  Year                     = {1969},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {10},
  Volume                   = {170},
  Publisher                = {Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins},
  Timestamp                = {2014.08.20}
}

@Article{carreau2011oxygen,
  Title                    = {Why is the partial oxygen pressure of human tissues a crucial parameter? Small molecules and hypoxia},
  Author                   = {Carreaua A. et al.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Cellular Molecular Medicine},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1239--1253},
  Volume                   = {15}
}

@Article{Chalmers1967,
  Title                    = {The effects of haemorrhage in the unanaesthetized rabbit},
  Author                   = {Chalmers, JP and Korner, PI and White, SW},
  Journal                  = {The Journal of Physiology},
  Year                     = {1967},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {367--391},
  Volume                   = {189},
  Publisher                = {Physiological Soc}
}

@Article{Chalmers1967a,
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  Year                     = {1967},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {561--574},
  Volume                   = {192},
  Publisher                = {Physiological Soc}
}

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  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
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@Article{cooke2004lower,
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  Author                   = {Cooke, W. H.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Applied Physiology},
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  Month                    = {Apr},
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  Pages                    = {1249-1261},
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  Abstract                 = {Lower body negative pressure as a model to study progression to acute hemorrhagic shock in
humans. J Appl Physiol 96: 1249–1261, 2004; 10.1152/japplphysiol.01155.2003.—
Hemorrhage is a leading cause of death in both civilian and battlefield trauma.
Survival rates increase when victims requiring immediate intervention are correctly
identified in a mass-casualty situation, but methods of prioritizing casualties based
on current triage algorithms are severely limited. Development of effective procedures
to predict the magnitude of hemorrhage and the likelihood for progression to
hemorrhagic shock must necessarily be based on carefully controlled human
experimentation, but controlled study of severe hemorrhage in humans is not
possible. It may be possible to simulate hemorrhage, as many of the physiological
compensations to acute hemorrhage can be mimicked in the laboratory by applying
negative pressure to the lower extremities. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP)
sequesters blood from the thorax into dependent regions of the pelvis and legs,
effectively decreasing central blood volume in a similar fashion as acute hemorrhage.
In this review, we compare physiological responses to hemorrhage and
LBNP with particular emphasis on cardiovascular compensations that both share in
common. Through evaluation of animal and human data, we present evidence that
supports the hypothesis that LBNP, and resulting volume sequestration, is an
effective technique to study physiological responses and mechanisms associated
with acute hemorrhage in humans. Such experiments could lead to clinical algorithms
that identify bleeding victims who will likely progress to hemorrhagic shock
and require lifesaving intervention(s).},
  Doi                      = {10.1152/japplphysiol.01155.2003},
  Keywords                 = {combat casualty care; simulated hemorrhage; central hypovolemia; autonomic
cardiovascular regulation},
  Publisher                = {American Physiological Society},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01155.2003}
}

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@Article{Fresnel2014musclePressure,
  Title                    = {Realistic human muscle pressure for driving a mechanical lung},
  Author                   = {Fresnel, Emeline and Muir, Jean-Francois and Lettelier, Christophe},
  Journal                  = {EPJ Nonlinear Biomedical Physics},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {7},
  Volume                   = {2},
  Publisher                = {Springer}
}

@PhdThesis{fukui1972study,
  Title                    = {A Study of the Human Cardiovascular-Respiratory System using Hybrid Computer Modeling},
  Author                   = {Fukui},
  School                   = {University of Wisconsin},
  Year                     = {1972},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{Fukui1981,
  Title                    = {Interactions among ventilation, the circulation, and Distribution of Halothane /- Use of a Hybrid computer multiple model},
  Author                   = {Fukui, Yasuhiro and Smith, N. Ty},
  Journal                  = {Anesthesiology},
  Year                     = {1981},
  Pages                    = {107 - 118},
  Volume                   = {54},
  Publisher                = {The American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc.}
}

@Article{fukui1981interactions,
  Title                    = {Interactions among Ventilation, the Circulation and the Uptake and Distribution of Halothane-Use of a Hybrid Computer Multiple Model: I. The Basic Model},
  Author                   = {Fukui, Yasuhiro and Smith, N Ty},
  Journal                  = {Anesthesiology},
  Year                     = {1981},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {107--118},
  Volume                   = {54},
  Publisher                = {LWW}
}

@Article{fukui1981interactions2,
  Title                    = {Interactions among ventilation, the circulation, and the uptake and distribution of halothane-use of a hybrid computer multiple model: II. Spontaneous vs. controlled ventilation, and the effects of CO2},
  Author                   = {Fukui, Yasuhiro and Smith, N Ty},
  Journal                  = {Anesthesiology},
  Year                     = {1981},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {119--124},
  Volume                   = {54},
  Publisher                = {LWW}
}

@Article{FukuiSmith1981hybrid,
  Title                    = {Interactions among ventilation, the circulation, and Distribution of Halothane -- Use of a Hybrid computer multiple model},
  Author                   = {Fukui, Yasuhiro and Smith, N. Ty},
  Journal                  = {Anesthesiology},
  Year                     = {1981},
  Pages                    = {107 - 118},
  Volume                   = {54},
  Publisher                = {The American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc.}
}

@Article{garber1974ketone,
  Title                    = {Hepatic Ketogenesis and Gluconeogenesis in Humans},
  Author                   = {Garber A.J. et al.},
  Journal                  = {The Journal of Clinical Investigation},
  Year                     = {1974},
  Pages                    = {981--989},
  Volume                   = {54}
}

@Article{garrioch2004body,
  Title                    = {The body's response to blood loss},
  Author                   = {Garrioch, MA and others},
  Journal                  = {Vox Sang},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {suppl 1},
  Pages                    = {74--6},
  Volume                   = {87},
  Timestamp                = {2014.02.18}
}

@Article{gauer1956changes,
  Title                    = {Changes in central venous pressure after moderate hemorrhage and transfusion in man},
  Author                   = {GAUER, OTTO H and HENRY, JAMES P and SIEKER, HERBERT O},
  Journal                  = {Circulation research},
  Year                     = {1956},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {79--84},
  Volume                   = {4},
  Publisher                = {Am Heart Assoc},
  Timestamp                = {2014.08.20}
}

@Electronic{gersten2014hematocrit,
  Title                    = {Hematocrit},
  Author                   = {Todd Gersten},
  Month                    = {February},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Electronic{gersten2014hemoglobin,
  Title                    = {Hemoglobin},
  Author                   = {Todd Gersten},
  Month                    = {February},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Electronic{gersten2014RBC,
  Title                    = {RBC Count},
  Author                   = {Todd Gersten},
  Month                    = {February},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{gisolf2004tidal,
  Title                    = {Tidal Volume, Cardiac Output and Functional Residual Capacity Determine End-tidal CO2 Transient During Standing up in Humans},
  Author                   = {Gisolf and others},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Physiology},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{glaser1949effects,
  Title                    = {The Effects of Cooling and Warming on the Vital Capacity, Forearm and Hand Volume, and Skin Temperature of Man},
  Author                   = {Glaser},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Physiology},
  Year                     = {1949},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Book{goers2012washington,
  Title                    = {The Washington Manual of Surgery},
  Author                   = {Goers et al.},
  Publisher                = {Lipincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  Year                     = {2012}
}

@Article{griffin1993temperature,
  Title                    = {Core and peripheral temperature response to exercise in patients with impaired left ventricular function},
  Author                   = {Griffin M. J. et al.},
  Journal                  = {British Heart Journal},
  Year                     = {1993},
  Number                   = {69},
  Pages                    = {388--390}
}

@Article{guenette2007respiratory,
  Title                    = {%Respiratory mechanics during exercise in endurance-trained men and women},
  Author                   = {Guenette J. A. et al.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Physiology},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {581},
  Pages                    = {1309--1322},
  Volume                   = {3}
}

@Book{Woodworth2012anesthesia,
  Title                    = {The Anesthesia Technician \& Technologists's Manual},
  Author                   = {Glenn Woodworth, Shannon Sayers-Rana, Jeffery R. Kirsch},
  Publisher                = {Lipincott Williams \& Wilkins, a Wolters Kilwer business},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Timestamp                = {2014.09.17}
}

@Article{goldberger2000physiobank,
  Title                    = {Physiobank, physiotoolkit, and physionet components of a new research resource for complex physiologic signals},
  Author                   = {Goldberger, Ary L and Amaral, Luis AN and Glass, Leon and Hausdorff, Jeffrey M and Ivanov, Plamen Ch and Mark, Roger G and Mietus, Joseph E and Moody, George B and Peng, Chung-Kang and Stanley, H Eugene},
  Journal                  = {Circulation},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Number                   = {23},
  Pages                    = {e215--e220},
  Volume                   = {101},
  Publisher                = {Am Heart Assoc}
}

@Book{gomella1981clinician,
  Title                    = {Clinician's pocket reference},
  Author                   = {Gomella, Leonard G},
  Publisher                = {Prentice Hall},
  Year                     = {1981}
}

@Article{good1992can,
  Title                    = {Can simulation accelerate the learning of basic anesthesia skills by beginning anesthesia residents},
  Author                   = {Good, ML and Gravenstein, JS and Mahla, ME and White, SE and Banner, MJ and Carovano, RG and Lampotang, S},
  Journal                  = {Anesthesiology},
  Year                     = {1992},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1133},
  Volume                   = {77}
}

@Article{goodwin2004model,
  Title                    = {A model for educational simulation of infant cardiovascular physiology},
  Author                   = {Goodwin, Jane A and van Meurs, Willem L and Couto, Carla D Sa and Beneken, Jan EW and Graves, Shirley A},
  Journal                  = {Anesthesia \& Analgesia},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1655--1664},
  Volume                   = {99},
  Publisher                = {LWW}
}

@Electronic{goyal2014vfib,
  Title                    = {Ventricular Fibrillation},
  Author                   = {Sandeep K Goyal},
  Month                    = {April},
  Url                      = {http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview#a0101},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Timestamp                = {2014.09.10}
}

@Article{grant1987characterization,
  Title                    = {Characterization of pulmonary arterial input impedance with lumped parameter models},
  Author                   = {Grant, BJ and Paradowski, LINDA J},
  Journal                  = {Am J Physiol},
  Year                     = {1987},
  Number                   = {3 Pt 2},
  Pages                    = {H585--93},
  Volume                   = {252},
  Publisher                = {Am Physiological Soc}
}

@Article{gray1951pulmonary,
  Title                    = {Pulmonary ventilation and its physiological regulation},
  Author                   = {Gray, John S},
  Journal                  = {Southern Medical Journal},
  Year                     = {1951},
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {1086},
  Volume                   = {44},
  Publisher                = {LWW}
}

@Article{gregg1973peak,
  Title                    = {Peak Expiratory Flow in Normal Subjects},
  Author                   = {Gregg and Nunn},
  Journal                  = {British Medical Journal},
  Year                     = {1973},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{grmec2009relationship,
  Title                    = {Relationship between mean arterial pressure and end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide during hemorrhagic shock and volume resuscitation},
  Author                   = {Grmec, Stefek and Golub, Mirjam and Jelatancev, Alina},
  Journal                  = {Signa Vitae},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {24--26},
  Volume                   = {4},
  Publisher                = {Pharmamed Mado Ltd.},
  Timestamp                = {2014.08.20}
}

@Article{grodins1967mathematical,
  Title                    = {Mathematical analysis and digital simulation of the respiratory control system},
  Author                   = {Grodins, Fred S and Buell, June and Bart, Alex J},
  Journal                  = {Cancer},
  Year                     = {1967},
  Pages                    = {04},
  Volume                   = {9608},
  Publisher                = {Am Physiological Soc}
}

@Article{grodins1954respiratory,
  Title                    = {%Respiratory responses to CO2 inhalation. A theoretical study of a nonlinear biological regulator},
  Author                   = {Grodins, Fred S and Gray, John S and Schroeder, Karl R and Norins, Arthur L and Jones, Richard W},
  Journal                  = {Journal of applied physiology},
  Year                     = {1954},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {283--308},
  Volume                   = {7},
  Publisher                = {Am Physiological Soc}
}

@Book{gropper2013nutrition,
  Title                    = {Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism},
  Author                   = {Gropper and Smith},
  Editor                   = {Peggy Williams},
  Publisher                = {Wadsworth, Cengage Learning},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Edition                  = {6}
}

@Article{gruben1990system,
  Title                    = {System for mechanical measurements during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans},
  Author                   = {Gruben, Kreg G and Romlein, John and Halperin, Henry R and Tsitlik, Joshua E},
  Journal                  = {Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on},
  Year                     = {1990},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {204--210},
  Volume                   = {37},
  Publisher                = {IEEE}
}

@Article{giuntini1963study,
  Title                    = {A Study of the Pulmonary Blood Volume in Man by Quantitative Radiocardiography},
  Author                   = {Guintini and others},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Clinical Investigation},
  Year                     = {1963},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{gutierrez2004clinical,
  Title                    = {Clinical review: Hemorrhagic shock},
  Author                   = {Gutierrez and others},
  Journal                  = {Critical Care},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Book{guyton2006medical,
  Title                    = {Textbook of Medical Physiology},
  Author                   = {Guyton and Hall},
  Editor                   = {Rebecca Gruliow},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Edition                  = {11},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{guyton1972circulation,
  Title                    = {Circulation: overall regulation},
  Author                   = {Guyton, Arthur C and Coleman, Thomas G and Granger, Harris J},
  Journal                  = {Annual review of physiology},
  Year                     = {1972},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {13--44},
  Volume                   = {34},
  Publisher                = {Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, PO Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139, USA}
}

@Article{guyton1955effect,
  Title                    = {Effect of mean circulatory filling pressure and other peripheral circulatory factors on cardiac output},
  Author                   = {Guyton, Arthur C and Lindsey, Arthur W and Kaufmann, Berwind N},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Physiology--Legacy Content},
  Year                     = {1955},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {463--468},
  Volume                   = {180},
  Publisher                = {Am Physiological Soc}
}

@Article{haussinger1991hepatocyte,
  Title                    = {Hepatocyte heterogeneity in the metabolism of amino acids and ammonia.},
  Author                   = {H{\"a}ussinger, D and Lamers, WouterH and Moorman, AF},
  Journal                  = {Enzyme},
  Year                     = {1991},
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {72--93},
  Volume                   = {46}
}

@Book{hall2011guyton,
  Title                    = {Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology},
  Author                   = {Hall, John E},
  Publisher                = {Saunders},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Edition                  = {12th}
}

@Article{hall2004pioneering,
  Title                    = {The pioneering use of systems analysis to study cardiac output regulation},
  Author                   = {Hall, John E},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative Comparative Physiology},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {R1009},
  Volume                   = {56},
  Publisher                = {[Bethesda, Md.]: American Physiological Society.}
}

@Article{Hall2012,
  Title                    = {Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation},
  Author                   = {Hall, Kevin D and Heymsfield, Steven B and Kemnitz, Joseph W and Klein, Samuel and Schoeller, Dale A and Speakman, John R},
  Journal                  = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {989--994},
  Volume                   = {95},
  Publisher                = {Am Soc Nutrition}
}

@Article{halliwill2010retro,
  Title                    = {Retrograde shear: backwards into the future?},
  Author                   = {Halliwill J. R. and C. T. Minson},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1126-1127},
  Volume                   = {298}
}

@Book{hambley2008electrical,
  Title                    = {Electrical engineering: principles and applications},
  Author                   = {Hambley, Allan R and Kumar, Narendra and Kulkarni, Ashish R},
  Publisher                = {Pearson Prentice Hall},
  Year                     = {2008}
}

@Article{handbook2013fundamentals,
  Title                    = {Fundamentals},
  Author                   = {Handbook, ASHRAE and others},
  Journal                  = {American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta},
  Year                     = {2013}
}

@TechReport{hannon1989hemorrhage,
  Title                    = {Hemorrhage and hemorrhagic shock in swine: a review},
  Author                   = {Hannon, John P},
  Institution              = {DTIC Document},
  Year                     = {1989}
}

@Article{haraldsson2008properties,
  Title                    = {Properties of the glomerular barrier and mechanisms of proteinuria},
  Author                   = {Haraldsson, B{\"o}rje and Nystr{\"o}m, Jenny and Deen, William M},
  Journal                  = {Physiological reviews},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {451--487},
  Volume                   = {88},
  Publisher                = {Am Physiological Soc}
}

@Article{hassani2006simulation,
  Title                    = {Simulation of the cardiovascular system using equivalent electronic system},
  Author                   = {Hassani, Kamran and Navidbakhsh, Mahdi and Rostami, Mostafa and others},
  Journal                  = {BIOMEDICAL PAPERS-PALACKY UNIVERSITY IN OLOMOUC},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {105},
  Volume                   = {150},
  Publisher                = {PALACKY UNIVERSITY IN OLOMOUC}
}

@Article{healey2005detecting,
  Title                    = {Detecting stress during real-world driving tasks using physiological sensors},
  Author                   = {Healey, Jennifer A and Picard, Rosalind W},
  Journal                  = {Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {156--166},
  Volume                   = {6},
  Publisher                = {IEEE}
}

@Electronic{healthwise2012carbon,
  Title                    = {Carbon Monoxide (CO)},
  Author                   = {Healthwise Staff},
  Month                    = {March},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@PhdThesis{heldt2004computational,
  Title                    = {Computational models of cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress},
  Author                   = {Heldt, Thomas},
  School                   = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
  Year                     = {2004}
}

@Article{heldt2010cvsim,
  Title                    = {Cvsim: An open-source cardiovascular simulator for teaching and research},
  Author                   = {Heldt, Thomas and Mukkamala, Ramakrishna and Moody, George B and Mark, Roger G},
  Journal                  = {The open pacing, electrophysiology \& therapy journal},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Pages                    = {45},
  Volume                   = {3},
  Publisher                = {NIH Public Access}
}

@Article{henninger2010validation,
  Title                    = {Validation of computational models in biomechanics},
  Author                   = {Henninger, Heath B and Reese, Shawn P and Anderson, Andrew E and Weiss, Jeffrey A},
  Journal                  = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {801--812},
  Volume                   = {224},
  Publisher                = {SAGE Publications}
}

@Book{herman2007physics,
  Title                    = {Physics of the Human Body},
  Author                   = {Irving Herman},
  Editor                   = {Springer},
  Publisher                = {Springer},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{hester2011hummod,
  Title                    = {HumMod: a modeling environment for the simulation of integrative human physiology},
  Author                   = {Hester, Robert L and Brown, Alison J and Husband, Leland and Iliescu, Radu and Pruett, Drew and Summers, Richard and Coleman, Thomas G},
  Journal                  = {Frontiers in physiology},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Volume                   = {2},
  Publisher                = {Frontiers Media SA}
}

@Other{Hewitt2015LEWIS,
  Title                    = {LEWIS RELATIONSHIP},
  Author                   = {Geoffrey F. Hewitt},
  Url                      = {http://www.thermopedia.com/content/923/},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-22},
  Year                     = {2015}
}

@Other{Hewitt2015LEWIS,
  Title                    = {LEWIS RELATIONSHIP},
  Author                   = {Geoffrey F. Hewitt},
  Url                      = {http://www.thermopedia.com/content/923/},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-22},
  Year                     = {2015}
}

@Article{hillman2004colloid,
  Title                    = {Colloid verus Crystalloids in shock},
  Author                   = {Ken Hillman},
  Journal                  = {Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Pages                    = {14-21},
  Volume                   = {8},
  Abstract                 = {This is a review of the use of colloid and crystalloid in shock. The article discusses the pathophysiological
consequences of ischaemia and shock; reviews the underlying physiology of fluid compartments and how
they may be affected by disease; examines the physiological determinants of intravenous (IV) fluid use; and
finally reviews the literature on colloid and crystalloid use for the management of shock.},
  Keywords                 = {Shock, Fluid resuscitation, Colloids, Crystalloids}
}

@Article{hinojosa-laborde2011heart,
  Title                    = {Heart Rate Variability during Simulated Hemorrhage with Lower Body Negative Pressure in High and Low Tolerant Subjects},
  Author                   = {Hinoiosa-Laborde and others},
  Journal                  = {Frontiers in Physiology},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{hobbs1963femoral,
  Title                    = {Femoral Artery Flow, Limb Blood Volume and Cardiac Output Through Continuously Recorded Indicator-Dilution Curves},
  Author                   = {Hobbs and Edwards},
  Journal                  = {Annals of Surgery},
  Year                     = {1963},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{holdsworth1999characterization,
  Title                    = {Characterization of common carotid artery blood-flow waveforms in normal human subjects},
  Author                   = {Holdsworth and others},
  Journal                  = {Physiological Measurement},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{holland1998lower,
  Title                    = {Lower extremity volumetric arterial blood flow in normal subjects},
  Author                   = {Holland, Christy K and Brown, Janis M and Scoutt, Leslie M and Taylor, Kenneth JW},
  Journal                  = {Ultrasound in medicine \& biology},
  Year                     = {1998},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {1079--1086},
  Volume                   = {24},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier}
}

@Article{holstein1994renal,
  Title                    = {Renal Blood Flow Regulation and Arterial Pressure Fluctuations: A Case Study in Nonlinear Dynamics},
  Author                   = {Holstein-Rathlou and Marsh},
  Journal                  = {Physiological Reviews},
  Year                     = {1994},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{hosomi1979effect,
  Title                    = {Effect of pentoarbital anesthesia on hypotension after 10% hemorrhage in the dog},
  Author                   = {Hosomi H. and Sagawa K.},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Physiology},
  Year                     = {1979},
  Pages                    = {H607-H612}
}

@Article{howarth1954action,
  Title                    = {Action of Promethazine on Systemic Blood Pressure, Pulmonary Artery Pressure, and Pulmonary Blood Flow},
  Author                   = {Howarth and Owen},
  Journal                  = {British Medical Journal},
  Year                     = {1954},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{huant1994normal,
  Title                    = {Normal Values for Single Exhalation Diffusing Capacity and Pulmonary Capillary Blood Flow in Sitting, Supine Positions, and During Mild Exercise},
  Author                   = {Huang and others},
  Journal                  = {Chest},
  Year                     = {1994},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{hudsmuth2005heartvolume,
  Title                    = {Normal human left and right ventricular and left atrial dimensions using steady state free precession magnetic resonance imaging},
  Author                   = {Hudsmuth L.E. et al.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of %Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {775--782}
}

@Article{hughes1968effect,
  Title                    = {Effect of Lung Volume on the Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow in Man},
  Author                   = {Hughes and others},
  Journal                  = {Respiration Physiology},
  Year                     = {1968},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{hughes2012examination,
  Title                    = {Examination of the Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLCO) in Relation to its KCO and VA Components},
  Author                   = {Hughes and Pride},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of %Respiratory Critical Care Medicine},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{huisinga2012modeling,
  Title                    = {Modeling interindividual variability in physiologically based pharmacokinetics and its link to mechanistic covariate modeling},
  Author                   = {Huisinga, W and Solms, A and Fronton, L and Pilari, S},
  Journal                  = {CPT: Pharmacometrics \& Systems Pharmacology},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {e4},
  Volume                   = {1},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@Article{hunter2010vision,
  Title                    = {A vision and strategy for the virtual physiological human in 2010 and beyond},
  Author                   = {Hunter, Peter and Coveney, Peter V and de Bono, Bernard and Diaz, Vanessa and Fenner, John and Frangi, Alejandro F and Harris, Peter and Hose, Rod and Kohl, Peter and Lawford, Pat and others},
  Journal                  = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {1920},
  Pages                    = {2595--2614},
  Volume                   = {368},
  Publisher                = {The Royal Society}
}

@Article{hura2011renal,
  Title                    = {Renal Blood Flow},
  Author                   = {Hura and Stein},
  Journal                  = {Comprehensive Physiology},
  Year                     = {1992},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{ibrahim2013mechanisms,
  Title                    = {Mechanisms of absorption and elimination of drugs administered by inhalation},
  Author                   = {Ibrahim, Mariam and Garcia-Contreras, Lucila},
  Journal                  = {Therapeutic delivery},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {1027--1045},
  Volume                   = {4},
  Publisher                = {Future Science}
}

@TechReport{ISOPDF,
  Title                    = {Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria},
  Author                   = {ISO},
  Institution              = {International Organization for Standardization},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Address                  = {Geneva, Switzerland},
  Number                   = {32000\char"2012 1:2008},
  Type                     = {ISO 7730:2006}
}

@Conference{,
  Title                    = {Simulation - The Evidence},
  Author                   = {Issenberg, S Barry},
  Booktitle                = {Simulation in Medical Education Conference},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Organization             = {The Association for the Study of Medical Education},
  Timestamp                = {2015.05.11}
}

@Article{issenberg1999simulation,
  Title                    = {Simulation technology for health care professional skills training and assessment},
  Author                   = {Issenberg, S Barry and McGaghie, William C and Hart, Ian R and Mayer, Joan W and Felner, Joel M and Petrusa, Emil R and Waugh, Robert A and Brown, Donald D and Safford, Robert R and Gessner, Ira H and others},
  Journal                  = {Jama},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {861--866},
  Volume                   = {282},
  Publisher                = {American Medical Association}
}

@Article{cain1990respiratory,
  Title                    = {%Respiratory heat loss during work at various ambient temperatures},
  Author                   = {J.B. Cain, S.D. Livingstone, R.W. Nolan, A.A. Keefe},
  Journal                  = {Respiration Physiology},
  Year                     = {1990},
  Pages                    = {145-150},
  Volume                   = {79},

  Abstract                 = {The purpose of this investigation was to establish the temperature and humidity of the expired
air of subjects working at various metabolic rates at ambient temperatures between -40 °C and 20 °C in
order to calculate respiratory heat loss. Measurements of the respired air temperature and water vapour
content were made for five subjects while they either stood or walked on a treadmill. The results indicated
that the maximum respired air temperature varied slightly with the ambient air temperature but changes
in metabolic rate, respiration rate and breathing frequency had no apparent effect on the expired air
temperature under the conditions studied. The relative humidity of the respired air was found to be close
to saturation in the extreme-cold environments. Heat loss due to respiration was between 25 and 30% of
the resting metabolic and between 15 and 20~o of the working metabolic rate.},
  Keywords                 = {Heat loss; Humidity; Metabolic rate; Respiration; Temperature; Work}
}

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@Book{klabunde2012cvconcepts,
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@article{lambert2011regional,
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@Article{mccutchan1951respiratory,
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  Year                     = {2003},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {436--444},
  Volume                   = {45},
  Publisher                = {Sage Publications}
}

@Article{musselman2013diagnosis,
  Title                    = {Diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced hyperthermia},
  Author                   = {Megan E. Musselman, Suprat Saely},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Month                    = {January},
  Pages                    = {34-42},
  Volume                   = {70}
}

@Article{milhorn1965mathematical,
  Title                    = {A mathematical model of the human respiratory control system},
  Author                   = {Milhorn Jr, Howard T and Benton, Richard and Ross, Richard and Guyton, Arthur C},
  Journal                  = {Biophysical Journal},
  Year                     = {1965},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {27--46},
  Volume                   = {5},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier}
}

@Article{milivsic2004analysis,
  Title                    = {Analysis of lumped parameter models for blood flow simulations and their relation with 1D models},
  Author                   = {Vuk Milisic and Alfio Quarteroni},
  Journal                  = {ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {04},
  Pages                    = {613--632},
  Volume                   = {38},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge Univ Press}
}

@Article{miner2002end,
  Title                    = {End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during procedural sedation},
  Author                   = {Miner, James R and Heegaard, William and Plummer, David},
  Journal                  = {Academic Emergency Medicine},
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {275--280},
  Volume                   = {9},
  Publisher                = {Wiley Online Library},
  Timestamp                = {2014.08.20}
}

@Article{misra2006pneumothorax,
  Title                    = {Pneumothorax during argon beam-enhanced coagulation in laparoscopy},
  Author                   = {Misra and Kimball},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Clinical Anesthesia},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{montain2007mineral,
  Title                    = {Sweat Mineral-Element Responses During 7 h of Exercise-Heat Stress},
  Author                   = {Montain S J, N S Cheuvront and H C Lukaski},
  Journal                  = {International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {574--582}  
}

@Book{Morgan2006Clinical,
  Title                    = {Clinical Anesthesiology},
  Author                   = {G. Edward Morgan Jr. MD, Maged S. Mikhail MD, Michael J. Murray MD PhD},
  Editor                   = {Marc Strauss, Harriet Lebowitz, Peter J. Boyle},
  Publisher                = {Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Edition                  = {4},
  Timestamp                = {2014.08.21}
}

@Article{murray1969hemodynamic,
  Title                    = {Hemodynamic Effects of Hypovolemia in Normal Subjects and Patients with Congestive Heart Failure},
  Author                   = {MURRAY, R. H. and THOMPSON, L. J. and BOWERS, J. A. and STEINMETZ, E. F. and ALBRIGHT, C. D.},
  Journal                  = {Circulation},
  Year                     = {1969},
  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {55-63},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Abstract                 = {Five young normal subjects (NS) and six middle-aged patients with chronic, lowoutput,
congestive heart failure (HFP) were studied before and after 10 minutes of
exposure to hypovolemia induced by negative pressure (30 mm Hg) applied to the
lower body. ECG, respirometer, and catheters placed in the subclavian artery and
superior vena cava permitted measurements of heart rate (HR), respiration rate,
arterial and central venous pressures (CVP), and cardiac output (CO). In the group
of NS, systemic vascular resistance (SVR) rose moderately, while CVP fell 4.3 mm Hg;
CO, stroke volume (SV), stroke work (SW), and central blood volume (CBV) fell
about 20%, whereas blood pressure and HR showed little change. In the group of HFP,
control hemodynamic values were generally abnormal. In four patients the response
to hypovolemia was similar to that of NS. Two patients with advanced heart failure
showed no change or a rise in CO, SV, and SW in the face of a fall in CVP (3.1 and
3.7 mm Hg), no change or a fall in SVR, and a rise in CBV. It is concluded that HFP
does not respond to hypovolemia in a consistent manner. Certain patients with advanced
failure demonstrated abnormal responses to induced hypovolemia, the causes for which
are complex.},
  Doi                      = {10.1161/01.CIR.39.1.55},
  Keywords                 = {Lower body negative pressure Myocardial function Heart failure treatment},
  Publisher                = {Ovid Technologies Wolters Kluwer -American Heart Association},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.39.1.55}
}

@Article{murray1977techniques,
  Title                    = {Techniques of computer simulation applied to respiratory gas exchange},
  Author                   = {Murray-Smith, DJ and Pack, A},
  Year                     = {1977},
  Publisher                = {Pitman Medical}
}

@Article{Musselman2013,
  Title                    = {Diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced hyperthermia},
  Author                   = {Musselman, Megan E and Saely, Suprat},
  Journal                  = {Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Pages                    = {34--42},
  Volume                   = {1}
}

@Electronic{nall2012blood,
  Title                    = {Blood Gas Test},
  Author                   = {Rachel Nall},
  Month                    = {July},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{neder1999reference,
  Title                    = {Reference Values for Lung Function Tests. II. Maximal %Respiratory Pressures and Voluntary Ventilation},
  Author                   = {Neder and others},
  Journal                  = {Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Manual{britishGuideline2014asthma,
  Title                    = {British guideline on the management of asthma: Quick Reference Guide},
  Author                   = {British Thoracic Society Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network},
  Year                     = {2014}
}

@Article{neumar2010part,
  Title                    = {Part 8: Adult advanced cardiovascular life support 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care},
  Author                   = {Neumar, Robert W and Otto, Charles W and Link, Mark S and Kronick, Steven L and Shuster, Michael and Callaway, Clifton W and Kudenchuk, Peter J and Ornato, Joseph P and McNally, Bryan and Silvers, Scott M and others},
  Journal                  = {Circulation},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {18 suppl 3},
  Pages                    = {S729--S767},
  Volume                   = {122},
  Publisher                = {Am Heart Assoc}
}

@Article{newman2005principles,
  Title                    = {Principles of metered-dose inhaler design},
  Author                   = {Newman, Stephen P},
  Journal                  = {%Respiratory care},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {1177--1190},
  Volume                   = {50},
  Publisher                = {American Association for Respiratory Care}
}

@Article{newman1991improvement,
  Title                    = {Improvement of drug delivery with a breath actuated pressurised aerosol for patients with poor inhaler technique.},
  Author                   = {Newman, Stephen P and Weisz, AW and Talaee, Neda and Clarke, StewartW},
  Journal                  = {Thorax},
  Year                     = {1991},
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {712--716},
  Volume                   = {46},
  Publisher                = {BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society}
}

@Article{obrien1986heart,
  Title                    = {Heart rate vriability in healthy subjects: effect of age and the derivation of normal rrange for ttest of autonomic function},
  Author                   = {O'Brien and others},
  Journal                  = {British Heart Journal},
  Year                     = {1986},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{Oguz2003Hemo,
  Title                    = {Blood Rheology and Hemodynamics},
  Author                   = {Oguz K Baskurt, Herbert J Meiselman, et a.},
  Journal                  = {Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Pages                    = {435-450},
  Volume                   = {29},
  Timestamp                = {2014.09.02}
}

@InProceedings{oliveira2008measuring,
  Title                    = {Measuring thermal insulation of clothing with different manikin control methods. Comparative analysis of the calculation methods},
  Author                   = {Oliveira, AVM and Branco, VJ and Gaspar, AR and Quintela, DA},
  Booktitle                = {The 7th International Meeting on Manikins and Modelling (7I3M)[CD-ROM]. Coimbra, Portugal: Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal},
  Year                     = {2008}
}

@Article{olufsen2004deriving,
  Title                    = {On deriving lumped models for blood flow and pressure in the systemic arteries},
  Author                   = {Olufsen, Mette S and Nadim, Ali},
  Journal                  = {Math Biosci Eng},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {61--80},
  Volume                   = {1}
}

@Article{olufsen2002dynamics,
  Title                    = {Dynamics of cerebral blood flow regulation explained using a lumped parameter model},
  Author                   = {Olufsen, Mette S and Nadim, Ali and Lipsitz, Lewis A},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology},
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {R611--R622},
  Volume                   = {282},
  Publisher                = {Am Physiological Soc}
}

@Article{Ono2008,
  Title                    = {Numerical and experimental study on convective heat transfer of the human body in the outdoor environment},
  Author                   = {Ono, Takeshi and Murakami, Shuzo and Ooka, Ryozo and Omori, Toshiaki},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {1719--1732},
  Volume                   = {96},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier}
}

@Article{ono2008numerical,
  Title                    = {Numericial and experimental study on convective heat transfer of the human body in the outdoor environment},
  Author                   = {Takeshi Ono, Shuzo Murakami, Ryozo Ooka, Toshiaki Omori},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Pages                    = {1719-1732},
  Volume                   = {96},

  Abstract                 = {In this study, we measure the convective heat transfer coefficient for the human body in the
outdoor environment by means of a wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
analysis. A comparison of the results shows that the CFD analysis is sufficiently accurate. We
conduct a sensitivity analysis based on CFD analysis for the mean convective heat transfer coefficient
for the human body with changing values of velocity and turbulence intensity. We then develop a
formula for the mean convective heat transfer coefficient for the human body in the outdoor
environment that can evaluate both the influences of velocity and turbulence intensity of the wind on
the human body. This formula is more effective for evaluating thermal comfort in the outdoor
environment where there is large turbulence, because conventional formulae can evaluate only the
influences of velocity. While the conventional formula produces an unrealistic increase in sensible
temperature, the new formula causes the temperature to decrease, which is more reasonable, based
on an analysis of thermal comfort in a tree-planted city block.},
  Keywords                 = {Convective heat transfer coefficient; Heat release characteristic; Turbulence intensity; Wind tunnel test;
CFD analysis}
}

@Article{onofrio1995sim,
  Title                    = {Simultaneous Measurement of Reticulocyte and Red Blood Cell Indices in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Microcytic and Macrocytic Anemia},
  Author                   = {d'Onofrio G., R. Chirillo, G. Zini, G. Caenaro, M. Tommasi, and G. Micciulli},
  Journal                  = {Blood},
  Year                     = {1995},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {818-823},
  Volume                   = {85},
  Publisher                = {The American Society of Hematology}
}

@Article{opthof2000normal,
  Title                    = {The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man},
  Author                   = {Opthof},
  Journal                  = {%Cardiovascular Research},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{otis1947measurement,
  Title                    = {Measurement of Alveolar Pressure in Human Subjects},
  Author                   = {Otis and Proctor},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Physiology},
  Year                     = {1947},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{ottesen1997modelling,
  Title                    = {Modelling of the baroreflex-feedback mechanism with time-delay},
  Author                   = {Ottesen, Johnny T},
  Journal                  = {Journal of mathematical biology},
  Year                     = {1997},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {41--63},
  Volume                   = {36},
  Publisher                = {Springer}
}

@Article{ottesen1996non,
  Title                    = {Non-linearity of baroreceptor},
  Author                   = {Ottesen, Johnny Tom},
  Year                     = {1996},
  Publisher                = {Roskilde Universitet}
}

@Book{ottesen2004applied,
  Title                    = {Applied mathematical models in human physiology},
  Author                   = {Ottesen, Johnny T and Olufsen, Mette S and Larsen, Jesper K},
  Publisher                = {SIAM},
  Year                     = {2004}
}

@Article{overdyk2007continuous,
  Title                    = {Continuous oximetry/capnometry monitoring reveals frequent desaturation and bradypnea during patient-controlled analgesia},
  Author                   = {Overdyk, Frank J and Carter, Rickey and Maddox, Ray R and Callura, Jarred and Herrin, Amy E and Henriquez, Craig},
  Journal                  = {Anesthesia \& Analgesia},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {412--418},
  Volume                   = {105},
  Publisher                = {LWW}
}

@Article{perko1998gutflow,
  Title                    = {Mesentric, coeliac and splanchnic blood flow in humans during exercise},
  Author                   = {Perko M. J. et al.},
  Journal                  = {Hournal of Physiology},
  Year                     = {1998},
  Number                   = {513},
  Pages                    = {907-913},
  Volume                   = {3}
}

@Article{peronnet2012pharmacokinetic,
  Title                    = {Pharmacokinetic analysis of absorption, distribution and disappearance of ingested water labeled with D2O in humans},
  Author                   = {P{\'e}ronnet, Fran{\c{c}}ois and Mignault, Diane and Du Souich, Patrick and Vergne, S{\'e}bastien and Le Bellego, Laurent and Jimenez, Liliana and Rabasa-Lhoret, R{\'e}mi},
  Journal                  = {European journal of applied physiology},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {2213--2222},
  Volume                   = {112},
  Publisher                = {Springer}
}

@Article{panidis1986effect,
  Title                    = {Effect of Sampling Site on Assessment of Pulmonary Artery Blood Flow by Doppler Echocardiography},
  Author                   = {Pandis and others},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Cardiology},
  Year                     = {1986},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{papiris2001clinical,
  Title                    = {Clinical review: severe asthma},
  Author                   = {Papiris, Spyros and Kotanidou, Anastasia and Malagari, Katerina and Roussos, Charis},
  Journal                  = {Critical Care},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {30},
  Volume                   = {6},
  Publisher                = {BioMed Central Ltd}
}

@Article{papiris2002asthma,
  Title                    = {Clinical review: Severe asthma},
  Author                   = {Papiris, S., Kotanidou, A., Malagari, K., Roussos, C.},
  Journal                  = {Critical Care},
  Year                     = {2002},
  Pages                    = {30-44},
  Volume                   = {6},
  Publisher                = {BioMed Central Ltd.}
}

@Article{patel1965pressure,
  Title                    = {Pressure-flow relatrelation in the ascending aorta and femoral artery of man},
  Author                   = {Patel and others},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Applied Physiology},
  Year                     = {1965},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Book{PaulGBarash2009,
  Title                    = {Handbook of Clinical Anesthesia},
  Author                   = {Paul G Barash, Bruce F Cullen, Robert K Stoelting, Michael K Cahalan, M Christine Stock},
  Editor                   = {Brian Brown, Nicole Dernoski, Bridgett Dougherty},
  Publisher                = {Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Edition                  = {6},
  Timestamp                = {2014.08.21}
}

@Other{Paulev,
  Title                    = {New Human Physiology},
  Author                   = {Paulev-Zubieta},
  Month                    = jan,
  Timestamp                = {2014.08.20},
  Url                      = {http://www.zuniv.net/physiology/book/chapter24.html},
  Year                     = {2014}
}

@Article{pawelczyk1989reductions,
  Title                    = {Reduction in central venous pressure improve carotid baroreflex rresponse in conscious men},
  Author                   = {Pawelczyk and Raven},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Physiology},
  Year                     = {1989},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{perez2009can,
  Title                    = {Can a normal peak expiratory flow exclude severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?},
  Author                   = {Perez-Padilla, R and Vollmer, WM and V{\'a}zquez-Garc{\'\i}a, JC and Enright, PL and Menezes, AMB and Buist, AS},
  Journal                  = {The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {387},
  Volume                   = {13},
  Publisher                = {Europe PMC Funders}
}

@Article{perktold1995computer,
  Title                    = {Computer Simulation of Local Blood Flow and Vessel Mechanics in a Compliant Carotid Artery Bifurcation Model},
  Author                   = {Perktold and Rappitsch},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Biomechanics},
  Year                     = {1995},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{bartsch2007highaltitude,
  Title                    = {Effect of High Altitude on the Heart and Lungs},
  Author                   = {Peter Bartsch, J. Simons and R. Gibbs},
  Journal                  = {Circulation},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {116},
  Pages                    = {2191-2202}
}

@Article{philip1986gas,
  Title                    = {Gas Man{\textregistered}—An example of goal oriented computer-assisted teaching which results in learning},
  Author                   = {Philip, James H},
  Journal                  = {International journal of clinical monitoring and computing},
  Year                     = {1986},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {165--173},
  Volume                   = {3},
  Publisher                = {Springer}
}

@Article{phypers2006lactate,
  Title                    = {Lactate physiology in health and disease},
  Author                   = {Barrie Phypers and Tom Pierce},
  Journal                  = {British Journal of Anesthesia},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {128--132},
  Volume                   = {6}
}

@Article{pierson2000pathophysiology,
  Title                    = {Pathophysiology and clinical effects of chronic hypoxia.},
  Author                   = {Pierson, David J},
  Journal                  = {%Respiratory care},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {39--51},
  Volume                   = {45}
}

@Article{polonsky1987insulin,
  Title                    = {Twenty-Four-Hour Profiles and Pulsatile Patterns of Insulin Secretion in Normal and Obese Subjects},
  Author                   = {Polonsky K.S. et al.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Clinical Investigation},
  Year                     = {1987},
  Pages                    = {442--448},
  Volume                   = {81}
}

@Article{pontrelli2004multiscale,
  Title                    = {A multiscale approach for modelling wave propagation in an arterial segment},
  Author                   = {Pontrelli, Giuseppe},
  Journal                  = {Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {79--89},
  Volume                   = {7},
  Publisher                = {Taylor \& Francis}
}

@Article{PrefacetoRenalPhysiology1992,
  Title                    = {Preface},
  Author                   = {EEW},
  Journal                  = {Comprehensive Physiology},
  Year                     = {1992},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{price2006novel,
  Title                    = {Novel Electrocardiographic Changes Associated with Iatrogenic Pneumothorax},
  Author                   = {Price},
  Journal                  = {American Journal of Critical Care},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{price1966hemodynamic,
  Title                    = {Hemodynamic and Metabolic Effects of Hemorrhage in Man, with Particular Reference to the Splanchnic Circulation},
  Author                   = {Price, H. L. and Deutsch, S. and Marshall, B. E. and Stephen, G. W. and Behar, M. G. and Neufeld, G. R.},
  Journal                  = {Circulation Research},
  Year                     = {1966},
  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {469-474},
  Volume                   = {18},
  Doi                      = {10.1161/01.RES.18.5.469},
  Publisher                = {Ovid Technologies Wolters Kluwer -American Heart Association},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.18.5.469}
}

@Article{quanjer1993lung,
  Title                    = {Lung Volumes and Forced Ventilatory Flows},
  Author                   = {Quanjer and others},
  Journal                  = {European %Respiratory Journal},
  Year                     = {1993},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{quarteroni2001modeling,
  Title                    = {Modeling the cardiovascular system—A mathematical adventure: Part I},
  Author                   = {Quarteroni, Alfio},
  Journal                  = {SIAM News},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1--3},
  Volume                   = {34}
}

@Article{ramaekers1998heart,
  Title                    = {Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate in Healthy Volunteers},
  Author                   = {Ramaekers and others},
  Journal                  = {European Heart Journal},
  Year                     = {1998},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{ramires1995standard,
  Title                    = {Standard reference data for the thermal conductivity of water},
  Author                   = {Ramires, Maria LV and de Castro, Carlos A Nieto and Nagasaka, Yuchi and Nagashima, Akira and Assael, Marc J and Wakeham, William A},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data},
  Year                     = {1995},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1377--1381},
  Volume                   = {24},
  Publisher                = {AIP Publishing}
}

@Article{ramosJimenez2008exchangeRatio,
  Title                    = {The Respiratory Exchange Ratio is Associated with Fitness Indicators Both in Trained and Untrained Men: A Possible Application for People with Reduced Exercise Tolerance},
  Author                   = {Ramos-Jiménez and others},
  Journal                  = {Clinical Medicine: Circulatory, Respiratory and Pulmonary},
  Year                     = {2008}
}

@Other{Ratznium2006Oxyhaemoglobin,
  Title                    = {%Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve},
  Author                   = {Wikipedia User:Ratznium},
  Month                    = sep,
  Organization             = {Wikipedia},
  Timestamp                = {2015.03.12},
  Url                      = {http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png&oldid=149552788},
  Year                     = {2006}
}

@Article{reiter2008magnetic,
  Title                    = {Magnetic Resonance-Derived 3-Dimensional Blood Flow Patterns in the Main Pulmonary Artery as a Marker of Pulmonary Hypertension and a Measure of Elevated Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure},
  Author                   = {Reiter and others},
  Journal                  = {Circulation: %Cardiovascular Imaging},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{reneman1985flow,
  Title                    = {Flow Velocity Patterns in and Distensibility of the Carotid Artery Bulb in Subjects of Various Ages},
  Author                   = {Reneman and others},
  Journal                  = {Circulation},
  Year                     = {1985},,
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{reuben1970velocity,
  Title                    = {Velocity Profiles in the Main Pulmonary Artery of Dogs and Man, MMeasure with a Thin-Film Resistance Anemometer},
  Author                   = {Reuben and others},
  Journal                  = {Circulation Research},
  Year                     = {1970},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{reznek2002virtual,
  Title                    = {Virtual reality and simulation: training the future emergency physician},
  Author                   = {Reznek, Martin and Harter, Phillip and Krummel, Thomas},
  Journal                  = {Academic Emergency Medicine},
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {78--87},
  Volume                   = {9},
  Publisher                = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@Article{rideout1967difference,
  Title                    = {Difference-differential equations for fluid flow in distensible tubes},
  Author                   = {Rideout, VC and Dick, DE},
  Journal                  = {Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on},
  Year                     = {1967},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {171--177},
  Publisher                = {IEEE}
}

@Article{rideout1972cardiovascular,
  Title                    = {%Cardiovascular system simulation in biomedical engineering education},
  Author                   = {Rideout, Vincent C},
  Journal                  = {Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on},
  Year                     = {1972},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {101--107},
  Publisher                = {IEEE}
}

@Article{rigatto1961determination,
  Title                    = {Determination of the Pulmonary Capillary Blood Flow in Man},
  Author                   = {Rigatto and others},
  Journal                  = {Circulation Research},
  Year                     = {1961},

  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Book{riggs1976control,
  Title                    = {Control theory and physiological feedback mechanisms},
  Author                   = {Riggs, Douglas S., MD},
  Publisher                = {Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Huntington, New York},
  Year                     = {1976}
}

@Article{rim2011life,
  Title                    = {Life-threatening simultaneous bilateral spontaneous tension pneumothorax-a case report},
  Author                   = {Rim, Taegeun and Bae, Joo Suck and Yuk, Yong Soo},
  Journal                  = {The Korean journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {253--256},
  Volume                   = {44},,
  Timestamp                = {2014.08.20}
}

@Article{risch1978effect,
  Title                    = {The Effect of Graded Immersion on Heart Volume, Central Venous Pressure, Pulmonary Blood Distribution, and Heart Rate in Man},
  Author                   = {Risch and others},
  Journal                  = {Pflügers Archiv},
  Year                     = {1978},
  Timestamp                = {2014.07.21}
}

@Article{neumar2010asystole,
  Title                    = {Part 8: Adult Advanced %Cardiovascular Life Support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency %Cardiovascular Care},
  Author                   = {Robert W. Neumar, Chair;
 Charles W. Otto;
 Mark S. Link;
 Steven L. Kronick;
 Michael Shuster;
 Clifton W. Callaway;
 Peter J. Kudenchuk;
 Joseph P. Ornato;
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  Title                    = {Physiology of Nephron},
  Author                   = {Wikipedia User:Madhero},
  Organization             = {Wikipedia},
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  Url                      = {https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Physiology_of_Nephron.png},
  Year                     = {2010}
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@Other{Jmarchn2010Urinary,
  Title                    = {Urinary system},
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  Organization             = {Wikipedia},
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@article{rose1981dose,
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  Title                    = {Lungvolumes Updated},
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  Organization             = {Wikipedia},
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@book{appel2006dietary,
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  language = {eng},
  publisher = {National Academies Press},
  editor = {{Institute of Medicine}},
  year = {2004},
  keywords = {Canada, Diet, Electrolytes, Nutrition, Nutritional Requirements, Reference Values, United States, Water},
  annote = {Includes bibliographical references and index Formerly CIP},
  annote = {Introduction to dietary reference intakesOverview and methods -- A model for the development of tolerable upper intake levels -- Water -- Potassium -- Sodium and chloride -- Sulfate -- Applications of dietary reference intakes for electrolytes and water -- A research agenda},
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  language = {eng},
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}

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@article{brin1952metabolism,
  title = {{METABOLISM} {OF} {CARDIAC} {MUSCLE} {VI}. {COMPETITION} {BETWEEN} l (+)-{LACTATE} {UNIFORMLY} {LABELED} {WITH} {C}14 {AND} {C}14-{CARBONYL}-{LABELED} {PYRUVATE}},
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@article{bean1984regulation,
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@article{markovich2001physiological,
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@article{bohrer1978permselectivity,
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@article{deldicque2007kinetics,
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@article{hunt2007calcium,
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@article{singer1948improved,
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@article{rothschild1973albumin,
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@article{smith2003lactate,
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@article{stanley1991myocardial,
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  abstract = {The heart consumes lactate under resting conditions in normal healthy people. A limited number of studies have measured lactate exchange across the heart during exercise by using simultaneous arterial and coronary sinus catheterization. In general, exercise results in an increase in the rate of lactate uptake, which is due both to the increases in myocardial blood flow and lactate extraction from rest to exercise. Lactate extraction by the myocardium during submaximal exercise (40-60\% VO2max) is largely dependent upon the concentration of lactate in arterial blood. Studies using a continuous infusion of 14C-lactate tracer have demonstrated that essentially all of the lactate taken up during exercise is immediately oxidized to CO2 in the myocardium. In addition, lactate tracer studies indicate that healthy myocardium simultaneously consumes and produces lactate under conditions of net lactate consumption. Moderate intensity exercise (40\% VO2max) does not result in an increase in the rate of myocardial lactate production above resting values. Thus, the heart takes up lactate in proportion to the rate of lactate delivery to the myocardium both at rest and during exercise. Exercise that elicits an increase in the arterial lactate concentration above resting values results in an increase in the relative contribution of lactate oxidation to myocardial oxidative metabolism.},
  language = {eng},
  number = {8},
  journal = {Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise},
  author = {Stanley, W. C.},
  month = aug,
  year = {1991},
  pmid = {1956265},
  keywords = {Coronary Vessels, Exercise, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Glucose, Humans, Lactates, Myocardium, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Education and Training},
  pages = {920--924}
}

@article{leigh2005tension,
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@article{zelenko2004normal,
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@article{gupta2010characterizing,
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@article{billaut2003maximal,
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@incollection{johnson2000exercise,
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@article{noakes2012fatigue,
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@book{weaver2007calcium,
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@article{holbrook1984sodium,
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@article{allsopp1998effect,
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@article{hoyt1996environmental,
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@article{newburgh1930measurement,
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@book{institute2005dietary,
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@book{institute2005dri,
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@book{del2011dietary,
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@book{van2013davis,
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@book{Leeuwen2015laboratory,
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@article{boulpaep2009medical,
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@article{hoshi1993pharmacokinetics,
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@book{fournier2011basic,
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@book{boron2012medical,
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@article{chatterjee2007systolic,
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@Unpublished{metoyer2016SME,
  title                    = {Subject Matter Expert},
  author                   = {Rodney Metoyer},
  note                     = {Combat medic}
}

@Unpublished{moss2016SME,
  title                    = {Subject Matter Expert},
  author                   = {Nicholas Moss Ph. D},
  note                     = {Associate Professor Department of Cell Biology and Physiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}
}

@Book{limmer2011emergency,
 author = {Limmer, Daniel},
 title = {Emergency care},
 publisher = {Pearson},
 year = {2011},
 address = {United States},
 isbn = {978-0132375337}
 }
 
 @Article{izakson2013complete,
  Title                    = {Complete airway obstruction by foreign body: another anesthetic challenge. A brief review},
  Author                   = {Izakson, A., Papiashvili, M., Potylchansky, Elena, and Ezri, T.},
  Journal                  = {Journal Roman de Anestezie Terapie Intensiva},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {125--129},
  Volume                   = {20},
  Publisher                = {The Romanian Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care},
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@Book{faust2002anesthesiology,
 author = {Faust, Ronald},
 title = {Anesthesiology review},
 publisher = {Churchill Livingstone},
 year = {2002},
 address = {New York},
 isbn = {978-0443066016}
 }
 
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@article{gunning2003pathophysiology,
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@article{fine1997prediction,
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@article{majumdar2010oxygen,
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@unpublished{bergeronSME,
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  note={Archetype Technologies Inc}
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@unpublished{dukeSME,
  author={Panel of Anesthesiologists}, 
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@article{corcoran1943effects,
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@misc{msco,
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@book{kellum2009stewart,
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@book{rosenbaum2012basic,
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@Other{Wikiphoto2016How,
  Title                    = {How to Use an Inhaler},
  Author                   = {Wikihow User:Wikiphoto},
  Month                    = dec,
  Organization             = {Wikihow},
  Timestamp                = {2016.12.06},
  Url                      = {http://pad3.whstatic.com/images/thumb/7/75/Use-an-Inhaler-Step-1Bullet1.jpg/aid1978379-900px-Use-an-Inhaler-Step-1Bullet1.jpg},
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@book{rhoades2012medical,
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@article{lang2010comment,
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@article{figge1992serum,
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@article{fery1983ketone,
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@article{cheuvront2014dehydration,
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@article{cheuvront2014comparison,
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@article{ibanez1982normal,
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@misc{brunner2019lung, 
  title={Lung simulators for medical training: how should they be set to represent clinical reality?},
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}

@book{kliegman2007nelson,
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  note=Figure 365-1
}
