/*=========================================================================

  Program:   Visualization Toolkit
  Module:    vtkProjectedTerrainPath.cxx

  Copyright (c) Ken Martin, Will Schroeder, Bill Lorensen
  All rights reserved.
  See Copyright.txt or http://www.kitware.com/Copyright.htm for details.

     This software is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even
     the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
     PURPOSE.  See the above copyright notice for more information.

=========================================================================*/
#include "vtkProjectedTerrainPath.h"
#include "vtkInformation.h"
#include "vtkInformationVector.h"
#include "vtkObjectFactory.h"
#include "vtkPriorityQueue.h"
#include "vtkImageData.h"
#include "vtkPolyData.h"
#include "vtkPointData.h"
#include "vtkPoints.h"
#include "vtkCellArray.h"
#include "vtkDoubleArray.h"
#include "vtkExecutive.h"
#include "vtkMath.h"
#include "vtkPixel.h"
#include <vector>

// Define the edge list class--------------------------------------------------
struct vtkEdge
{
  vtkEdge(vtkIdType v1, vtkIdType v2) : V1(v1), V2(v2), tPos(-1.0), tNeg(-1.0) {}
  
  vtkIdType V1;
  vtkIdType V2;
  double    tPos; //parametric coordinates where positive maximum error occurs
  double    tNeg; //parametric coordinates where negative maximum error occurs
};

class vtkEdgeList : public std::vector<vtkEdge> {};
typedef vtkEdgeList EdgeListType;
typedef vtkEdgeList::iterator EdgeListIterator;


// Begin vtkProjectedTerrainPath class implementation--------------------------
//
vtkStandardNewMacro(vtkProjectedTerrainPath);

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
vtkProjectedTerrainPath::vtkProjectedTerrainPath()
{
  this->SetNumberOfInputPorts(2);

  this->ProjectionMode = SIMPLE_PROJECTION;
  this->HeightOffset = 10.0;
  this->HeightTolerance = 10.0;
  this->MaximumNumberOfLines = VTK_LARGE_ID;
  this->PositiveLineError = NULL;
  this->NegativeLineError = NULL;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
vtkProjectedTerrainPath::~vtkProjectedTerrainPath()
{
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void vtkProjectedTerrainPath::SetSource(vtkImageData *source)
{
  this->SetInput(1, source);
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
vtkImageData *vtkProjectedTerrainPath::GetSource()
{
  if (this->GetNumberOfInputConnections(1) < 1)
    {
    return NULL;
    }
  return vtkImageData::SafeDownCast(this->GetExecutive()->GetInputData(1, 0));
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int vtkProjectedTerrainPath::FillInputPortInformation(int port, 
                                                      vtkInformation *info)
{
  if (port == 0)
    {
    info->Set(vtkAlgorithm::INPUT_REQUIRED_DATA_TYPE(), "vtkPolyData");
    return 1;
    }
  else if (port == 1)
    {
    info->Set(vtkAlgorithm::INPUT_REQUIRED_DATA_TYPE(), "vtkImageData");
    return 1;
    }
  return 0;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Warning: this method may return negative indices. This is expected behavior
//
inline void vtkProjectedTerrainPath::GetImageIndex(double x[3], 
                                                   double loc[2], int ij[2])
{
  loc[0] = (x[0] - this->Origin[0]) / this->Spacing[0];
  ij[0] = (int) (floor(loc[0]));
  loc[1] = (x[1] - this->Origin[1]) / this->Spacing[1];
  ij[1] = (int) (floor(loc[1]));
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int vtkProjectedTerrainPath::RequestData(vtkInformation *,
                                         vtkInformationVector **inputVector,
                                         vtkInformationVector *outputVector)
{
  // get the input and output
  vtkInformation *linesInfo = inputVector[0]->GetInformationObject(0);
  vtkInformation *imageInfo = inputVector[1]->GetInformationObject(0);
  vtkInformation *outInfo = outputVector->GetInformationObject(0);

  vtkPolyData *lines = vtkPolyData::SafeDownCast(
    linesInfo->Get(vtkDataObject::DATA_OBJECT()));
  vtkImageData *image = vtkImageData::SafeDownCast(
    imageInfo->Get(vtkDataObject::DATA_OBJECT()));
  vtkPolyData *output = vtkPolyData::SafeDownCast(
    outInfo->Get(vtkDataObject::DATA_OBJECT()));
  
  vtkPoints *inPoints = lines->GetPoints();
  vtkIdType numPts = inPoints->GetNumberOfPoints();
  vtkCellArray *inLines = lines->GetLines();
  vtkIdType numLines;
  if ( ! inLines || (numLines=inLines->GetNumberOfCells()) <= 0 )
    {
    vtkErrorMacro("This filter requires lines as input");
    return 1;
    }
  
  if ( ! image )
    {
    vtkErrorMacro("This filter requires an image as input");
    return 1;
    }
  image->GetDimensions(this->Dimensions);
  image->GetOrigin(this->Origin);
  image->GetSpacing(this->Spacing);
  image->GetExtent(this->Extent);
  this->Heights = image->GetPointData()->GetScalars();
  
  this->Points = vtkPoints::New();
  this->Points->SetDataTypeToDouble();
  this->Points->Allocate(numPts);
  output->SetPoints(this->Points);
  this->Points->Delete(); //ok reference counting
  
  vtkPointData *inPD = lines->GetPointData();
  vtkPointData *outPD = output->GetPointData();
  outPD->CopyAllocate(inPD);

  // The algorithm runs in three parts. First, the existing points are
  // projected onto the image (with the height offset). Next, if requested
  // the edges are checked for occlusion. Finally, if requested, the edges
  // are adjusted to hug the terrain.
  int ij[2];
  vtkIdType i;
  double x[3], z, loc[2];
  for (i=0; i<numPts; i++)
    {
    inPoints->GetPoint(i,x);
    this->GetImageIndex(x,loc,ij);
    z = this->GetHeight(loc,ij);
    this->Points->InsertPoint(i, x[0], x[1], z);
    outPD->CopyData(inPD,i,i);
    }

  // If mode is simple, then just spit out the original polylines
  if ( this->ProjectionMode == SIMPLE_PROJECTION )
    {
    output->SetLines(inLines);
    return 1;
    }

  // If here, we've got to get fancy and start the subdivision process.
  // This means creating some fancy data structures: a dynamic list
  // for the edges. The structure is implicit: the first two entries
  // in the list (i,i+1) form an edge; the next two (i+1,i+2) form the
  // next edge, and so on. The list contains point ids referring to
  // the this->Points array.
  vtkIdType j, npts=0, *pts=NULL;
  this->EdgeList = new EdgeListType;
  this->PositiveLineError = vtkPriorityQueue::New();
  this->NegativeLineError = vtkPriorityQueue::New();
  this->NumLines = 0;
  for ( inLines->InitTraversal(); inLines->GetNextCell(npts,pts); )
    {
    for (j=0; j<(npts-1); j++)
      {
      this->EdgeList->push_back(vtkEdge(pts[j],pts[j+1]));
      this->ComputeError(this->EdgeList->size()-1); //puts edges in queues
      this->NumLines++;
      }
    }
  
  if ( this->ProjectionMode == NONOCCLUDED_PROJECTION )
    {
    this->RemoveOcclusions();
    }
  else //if ( this->ProjectionMode == HUG_PROJECTION )
    {
    this->HugTerrain();
    }

  //Okay now dump out the edges from the edge list into the output polydata
  vtkCellArray *outLines = vtkCellArray::New();
  outLines->Allocate(outLines->EstimateSize(this->EdgeList->size(),2));
  for (EdgeListIterator iter=this->EdgeList->begin();
       iter != this->EdgeList->end();
       ++iter)
    {
    outLines->InsertNextCell(2);
    outLines->InsertCellPoint(iter->V1);
    outLines->InsertCellPoint(iter->V2);
    }
  output->SetLines(outLines);
  outLines->Delete();
  vtkDebugMacro("Produced " << outLines->GetNumberOfCells() << " lines from "
                << numLines << " input polylines");

  // Clean up
  delete this->EdgeList;
  this->PositiveLineError->Delete();
  this->NegativeLineError->Delete();
  
  return 1;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Remove all intersections of the line segments with the terrain
void vtkProjectedTerrainPath::RemoveOcclusions()
{
  double error;
  vtkIdType eId;
  if ( this->HeightOffset > 0.0 ) //want path above terrain, eliminate negative errors
    {
    while ( (eId=this->NegativeLineError->Pop(0,error)) >= 0 &&
      this->NumLines < this->MaximumNumberOfLines )
      {
      this->SplitEdge(eId,(*this->EdgeList)[eId].tNeg);
      }
    }
  else //want path below terrain, eliminate positive errors
    {
    while ( (eId=this->PositiveLineError->Pop(0,error)) >= 0 &&
      this->NumLines < this->MaximumNumberOfLines )
      {
      this->SplitEdge(eId,(*this->EdgeList)[eId].tPos);
      }
    }
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Adjust the lines so that they hug the terrain within the tolerance specified
void vtkProjectedTerrainPath::HugTerrain()
{
  // Loop until error meets threshold. 
  // Remember that the errors in the priority queues are negative.
  // Also, splitting an edge can cause the polyline to reintersect the terrain.
  // This is the reason for the outer while{} loop.
  double error;
  vtkIdType eId, stillPopping=1;

  while ( stillPopping )
    {
    stillPopping = 0;
    while ( (eId=this->PositiveLineError->Pop(0,error)) >= 0 &&
      this->NumLines < this->MaximumNumberOfLines )
      {
      // Have to remove edge (if it exists) from other queue since
      // it will be reprocessed
      this->NegativeLineError->DeleteId(eId);
      if ( (-error) > this->HeightTolerance )
        {
        this->SplitEdge(eId,(*this->EdgeList)[eId].tPos);
        stillPopping = 1;
        }
      else
        {
        break;
        }
      }
    while ( (eId=this->NegativeLineError->Pop(0,error)) >= 0 &&
      this->NumLines < this->MaximumNumberOfLines )
      {
      // Have to remove edge (if it exists) from other queue since
      // it will be reprocessed
      this->PositiveLineError->DeleteId(eId);
      if ( (-error) > this->HeightTolerance )
        {
        this->SplitEdge(eId,(*this->EdgeList)[eId].tNeg);
        stillPopping = 1;
        }
      else
        {
        break;
        }
      }
    } //while still popping
}


//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Splits the indicated edge and reinserts the edges back into the EdgeList as
// well as the appropriate priority queues.
void vtkProjectedTerrainPath::SplitEdge(vtkIdType eId, double t)
{
  this->NumLines++;

  // Get the points defining the edge
  vtkEdge &e =(*this->EdgeList)[eId];
  double p1[3], p2[3];
  this->Points->GetPoint(e.V1,p1);
  this->Points->GetPoint(e.V2,p2);
  
  // Now generate the split point and add it to the list of points
  double x[3], loc[2];
  int ij[2];
  x[0] = p1[0] + t*(p2[0]-p1[0]);
  x[1] = p1[1] + t*(p2[1]-p1[1]);
  this->GetImageIndex(x,loc,ij);
  x[2] = this->GetHeight(loc,ij);
  vtkIdType pId = this->Points->InsertNextPoint(x);
  
  // We will create a new edge and update the old one.
  vtkIdType v2 = e.V2;
  e.V2 = pId;
  this->EdgeList->push_back(vtkEdge(pId,v2));
  vtkIdType eNew = this->EdgeList->size() - 1;

  // Recompute the errors along the edges
  this->ComputeError(eId);
  this->ComputeError(eNew);
}

// if the line lies outside of the image.
double vtkProjectedTerrainPath::GetHeight(double loc[2], int ij[2])
{  
  //  Compute the ij location (assuming 2D image plane)
  //
  int i;
  double pcoords[2];
  for (i=0; i<2; i++) 
    {
    if ( ij[i] >= this->Extent[i*2] && ij[i] < this->Extent[i*2 + 1] )
      {
      pcoords[i] = loc[i] - (double)ij[i];
      }

    else if ( ij[i] < this->Extent[i*2] || ij[i] > this->Extent[i*2+1] ) 
      {
      return this->HeightOffset;
      } 

    else //if ( ij[i] == this->Extent[i*2+1] )
      {
      if (this->Dimensions[i] == 1)
        {
        pcoords[i] = 0.0;
        }
      else
        {
        ij[i] -= 1;
        pcoords[i] = 1.0;
        }
      }
    }
  
  // Interpolate the height
  double weights[4], s0, s1, s2, s3;
  vtkPixel::InterpolationFunctions(pcoords,weights);
  s0 = this->Heights->GetTuple1(ij[0]+   ij[1]*this->Dimensions[0]);
  s1 = this->Heights->GetTuple1(ij[0]+1+ ij[1]*this->Dimensions[0]);
  s2 = this->Heights->GetTuple1(ij[0]+  (ij[1]+1)*this->Dimensions[0]);
  s3 = this->Heights->GetTuple1(ij[0]+1+(ij[1]+1)*this->Dimensions[0]);
    
  return (this->Origin[2] + this->HeightOffset + s0*weights[0] + s1*weights[1] + 
    s2*weights[2] + s3*weights[3]);
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//This method has the side effect of inserting the edge into the queues
void vtkProjectedTerrainPath::ComputeError(vtkIdType edgeId)
{
  vtkEdge &e =(*this->EdgeList)[edgeId];
  double p1[3], p2[3];
  this->Points->GetPoint(e.V1,p1);
  this->Points->GetPoint(e.V2,p2);

  // Now evaluate the edge as it passes over the pixel cell edges. The
  // interpolation functions are such that the maximum values have to
  // take place on the boundary of the cell. We process the cell edges in
  // two passes: first the x-edges, then the y-edges.
  double negError = VTK_LARGE_FLOAT;
  double posError = -VTK_LARGE_FLOAT;
  double x[3], loc[2], t, zMap, loc1[2], loc2[2], *x1, *x2, error;
  int ij[2], ij1[2], ij2[2], numInt, i, flip;
  
  // Process the x intersections
  if ( p2[0] >= p1[0] ) //sort along x-axis
    {
    x1 = p1;
    x2 = p2;
    flip = 0;
    }
  else
    {
    x1 = p2;
    x2 = p1;
    flip = 1;
    }
  this->GetImageIndex(x1,loc1,ij1);
  this->GetImageIndex(x2,loc2,ij2);

  if ( (numInt=ij2[0]-ij1[0]) > 0 ) //if there are any x-intersections
    {
    for (i=1; i<=numInt; i++)
      {
      if ( (ij1[0]+i) >= this->Extent[0] )
        {
        x[0] = this->Origin[0] + (ij1[0]+i)*this->Spacing[0];
        t = (x[0] - x1[0]) / (x2[0] - x1[0]);
        x[1] = x1[1] + t*(x2[1]-x1[1]);
        x[2] = x1[2] + t*(x2[2]-x1[2]);
        this->GetImageIndex(x,loc,ij);
        zMap = this->GetHeight(loc,ij);
        error = x[2] - zMap;
        if ( error >= 0.0 )
          {
          if (error > posError)
            {
            posError = error;
            e.tPos = (flip ? (1-t) : t);
            }
          }
        else
          {
          if (error < negError)
            {
            negError = error;
            e.tNeg = (flip ? (1-t) : t);
            }
          }
        } //if lying on image
      } //for all x-intersection points
    } //if x-intersections

  // Process the y intersections
  if ( p2[1] >= p1[1] ) //sort along y-axis
    {
    x1 = p1;
    x2 = p2;
    flip = 0;
    }
  else
    {
    x1 = p2;
    x2 = p1;
    flip = 1;
    }
  this->GetImageIndex(x1,loc1,ij1);
  this->GetImageIndex(x2,loc2,ij2);

  if ( (numInt=ij2[1]-ij1[1]) > 0 ) //if there are any x-intersections
    {
    for (i=1; i<=numInt; i++)
      {
      if ( (ij1[1]+i) >= this->Extent[2] )
        {
        x[1] = this->Origin[1] + (ij1[1]+i)*this->Spacing[1];
        t = (x[1] - x1[1]) / (x2[1] - x1[1]);
        x[0] = x1[0] + t*(x2[0]-x1[0]);
        x[2] = x1[2] + t*(x2[2]-x1[2]);
        this->GetImageIndex(x,loc,ij);
        zMap = this->GetHeight(loc,ij);
        error = x[2] - zMap;
        if ( error >= 0.0 )
          {
          if (error > posError)
            {
            posError = error;
            e.tPos = (flip ? (1-t) : t);
            }
          }
        else
          {
          if (error < negError)
            {
            negError = error;
            e.tNeg = (flip ? (1-t) : t);
            }
          }
        } //if lying on image
      } //for all x-intersection points
    } //if x-intersections

  // Okay, insert the maximum errors for this edge in the queues
  if ( posError > 0.0 )
    {
    this->PositiveLineError->Insert(-posError,edgeId);
    }
  if ( negError < 0.0 )
    {
    this->NegativeLineError->Insert(negError,edgeId);
    }
}


//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void vtkProjectedTerrainPath::PrintSelf(ostream& os, vtkIndent indent)
{
  this->Superclass::PrintSelf(os,indent);
 
  os << indent << "Projection Mode: ";
  if ( this->ProjectionMode == SIMPLE_PROJECTION )
    {
    os << "Simple Projection\n";
    }
  else if ( this->ProjectionMode == NONOCCLUDED_PROJECTION )
    {
    os << "Non-occluded Projection\n";
    }
  else //if ( this->ProjectionMode == HUG_PROJECTION )
    {
    os << "Hug Projection\n";
    }
  
  os << indent << "Height Offset: " << this->HeightOffset << "\n";
  os << indent << "Height Tolerance: " << this->HeightTolerance << "\n";
  os << indent << "Maximum Number Of Lines: " 
     << this->MaximumNumberOfLines << "\n";
  
}
