MSVC: Add support for C17
C17 support has been available in MSVC since VS 16.8.
In order to use the default cmake_record_c_compile_features
implementation to get C17 (and later C23) support, refactor the C compile features table for C90, C99, and C11 to get them through the default when possible too.
Fixes: #22816 (closed)
Backport: release