/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 * Copyright by The HDF Group.                                               *
 * Copyright by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.         *
 * All rights reserved.                                                      *
 *                                                                           *
 * This file is part of HDF5.  The full HDF5 copyright notice, including     *
 * terms governing use, modification, and redistribution, is contained in    *
 * the COPYING file, which can be found at the root of the source code       *
 * distribution tree, or in https://support.hdfgroup.org/ftp/HDF5/releases.  *
 * If you do not have access to either file, you may request a copy from     *
 * help@hdfgroup.org.                                                        *
 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */

/*
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu <slu@hdfgroup.uiuc.edu>
 *              Wednesday, 20 September 2006
 *
 * Purpose:  The Direct I/O file driver forces the data to be written to
 *    the file directly without being copied into system kernel
 *    buffer.  The main system support this feature is Linux.
 */

#include "H5FDdrvr_module.h" /* This source code file is part of the H5FD driver module */


#include "H5private.h"    /* Generic Functions      */
#include "H5Eprivate.h"    /* Error handling        */
#include "H5Fprivate.h"    /* File access        */
#include "H5FDprivate.h"  /* File drivers        */
#include "H5FDdirect.h"    /* Direct file driver      */
#include "H5FLprivate.h"  /* Free Lists                           */
#include "H5Iprivate.h"    /* IDs            */
#include "H5MMprivate.h"  /* Memory management      */
#include "H5Pprivate.h"    /* Property lists      */

#ifdef H5_HAVE_DIRECT

/* The driver identification number, initialized at runtime */
static hid_t H5FD_DIRECT_g = 0;

/* File operations */
#define OP_UNKNOWN  0
#define OP_READ    1
#define OP_WRITE  2

/* Driver-specific file access properties */
typedef struct H5FD_direct_fapl_t {
    size_t  mboundary;  /* Memory boundary for alignment    */
    size_t  fbsize;    /* File system block size      */
    size_t  cbsize;    /* Maximal buffer size for copying user data  */
    hbool_t     must_align;     /* Decides if data alignment is required        */
} H5FD_direct_fapl_t;

/*
 * The description of a file belonging to this driver. The `eoa' and `eof'
 * determine the amount of hdf5 address space in use and the high-water mark
 * of the file (the current size of the underlying Unix file). The `pos'
 * value is used to eliminate file position updates when they would be a
 * no-op. Unfortunately we've found systems that use separate file position
 * indicators for reading and writing so the lseek can only be eliminated if
 * the current operation is the same as the previous operation.  When opening
 * a file the `eof' will be set to the current file size, `eoa' will be set
 * to zero, `pos' will be set to H5F_ADDR_UNDEF (as it is when an error
 * occurs), and `op' will be set to H5F_OP_UNKNOWN.
 */
typedef struct H5FD_direct_t {
    H5FD_t  pub;      /*public stuff, must be first  */
    int    fd;      /*the unix file      */
    haddr_t  eoa;      /*end of allocated region  */
    haddr_t  eof;      /*end of file; current file size*/
    haddr_t  pos;      /*current file I/O position  */
    int    op;      /*last operation    */
    H5FD_direct_fapl_t  fa;    /*file access properties  */
#ifndef H5_HAVE_WIN32_API
    /*
     * On most systems the combination of device and i-node number uniquely
     * identify a file.
     */
    dev_t  device;      /*file device number    */
    ino_t  inode;      /*file i-node number    */
#else
    /*
     * On H5_HAVE_WIN32_API the low-order word of a unique identifier associated with the
     * file and the volume serial number uniquely identify a file. This number
     * (which, both? -rpm) may change when the system is restarted or when the
     * file is opened. After a process opens a file, the identifier is
     * constant until the file is closed. An application can use this
     * identifier and the volume serial number to determine whether two
     * handles refer to the same file.
     */
    DWORD fileindexlo;
    DWORD fileindexhi;
#endif

} H5FD_direct_t;

/*
 * These macros check for overflow of various quantities.  These macros
 * assume that HDoff_t is signed and haddr_t and size_t are unsigned.
 *
 * ADDR_OVERFLOW:  Checks whether a file address of type `haddr_t'
 *      is too large to be represented by the second argument
 *      of the file seek function.
 *
 * SIZE_OVERFLOW:  Checks whether a buffer size of type `hsize_t' is too
 *      large to be represented by the `size_t' type.
 *
 * REGION_OVERFLOW:  Checks whether an address and size pair describe data
 *      which can be addressed entirely by the second
 *      argument of the file seek function.
 */
#define MAXADDR (((haddr_t)1<<(8*sizeof(HDoff_t)-1))-1)
#define ADDR_OVERFLOW(A)  (HADDR_UNDEF==(A) ||            \
         ((A) & ~(haddr_t)MAXADDR))
#define SIZE_OVERFLOW(Z)  ((Z) & ~(hsize_t)MAXADDR)
#define REGION_OVERFLOW(A,Z)  (ADDR_OVERFLOW(A) || SIZE_OVERFLOW(Z) ||      \
                                 HADDR_UNDEF==(A)+(Z) ||          \
         (HDoff_t)((A)+(Z))<(HDoff_t)(A))

/* Prototypes */
static herr_t H5FD_direct_term(void);
static void *H5FD_direct_fapl_get(H5FD_t *file);
static void *H5FD_direct_fapl_copy(const void *_old_fa);
static H5FD_t *H5FD_direct_open(const char *name, unsigned flags, hid_t fapl_id,
            haddr_t maxaddr);
static herr_t H5FD_direct_close(H5FD_t *_file);
static int H5FD_direct_cmp(const H5FD_t *_f1, const H5FD_t *_f2);
static herr_t H5FD_direct_query(const H5FD_t *_f1, unsigned long *flags);
static haddr_t H5FD_direct_get_eoa(const H5FD_t *_file, H5FD_mem_t type);
static herr_t H5FD_direct_set_eoa(H5FD_t *_file, H5FD_mem_t type, haddr_t addr);
static haddr_t H5FD_direct_get_eof(const H5FD_t *_file, H5FD_mem_t type);
static herr_t  H5FD_direct_get_handle(H5FD_t *_file, hid_t fapl, void** file_handle);
static herr_t H5FD_direct_read(H5FD_t *_file, H5FD_mem_t type, hid_t fapl_id, haddr_t addr,
           size_t size, void *buf);
static herr_t H5FD_direct_write(H5FD_t *_file, H5FD_mem_t type, hid_t fapl_id, haddr_t addr,
            size_t size, const void *buf);
static herr_t H5FD_direct_truncate(H5FD_t *_file, hid_t dxpl_id, hbool_t closing);
static herr_t H5FD_direct_lock(H5FD_t *_file, hbool_t rw);
static herr_t H5FD_direct_unlock(H5FD_t *_file);


static const H5FD_class_t H5FD_direct_g = {
    "direct",          /*name      */
    MAXADDR,          /*maxaddr    */
    H5F_CLOSE_WEAK,        /* fc_degree    */
    H5FD_direct_term,                           /*terminate             */
    NULL,          /*sb_size    */
    NULL,          /*sb_encode    */
    NULL,          /*sb_decode    */
    sizeof(H5FD_direct_fapl_t),                 /*fapl_size    */
    H5FD_direct_fapl_get,            /*fapl_get    */
    H5FD_direct_fapl_copy,            /*fapl_copy    */
    NULL,                /*fapl_free    */
    0,            /*dxpl_size    */
    NULL,          /*dxpl_copy    */
    NULL,          /*dxpl_free    */
    H5FD_direct_open,              /*open      */
    H5FD_direct_close,                    /*close      */
    H5FD_direct_cmp,              /*cmp      */
    H5FD_direct_query,                    /*query      */
    NULL,          /*get_type_map    */
    NULL,          /*alloc      */
    NULL,          /*free      */
    H5FD_direct_get_eoa,      /*get_eoa    */
    H5FD_direct_set_eoa,       /*set_eoa    */
    H5FD_direct_get_eof,      /*get_eof    */
    H5FD_direct_get_handle,                     /*get_handle            */
    H5FD_direct_read,        /*read      */
    H5FD_direct_write,        /*write      */
    NULL,          /*flush      */
    H5FD_direct_truncate,      	/*truncate    */
    H5FD_direct_lock,          	/*lock                  */
    H5FD_direct_unlock,        	/*unlock                */
    H5FD_FLMAP_DICHOTOMY       	/*fl_map                */
};

/* Declare a free list to manage the H5FD_direct_t struct */
H5FL_DEFINE_STATIC(H5FD_direct_t);


/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME
   H5FD__init_package -- Initialize interface-specific information
USAGE
    herr_t H5FD__init_package()
RETURNS
    Non-negative on success/Negative on failure
DESCRIPTION
    Initializes any interface-specific data or routines.  (Just calls
    H5FD_direct_init currently).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static herr_t
H5FD__init_package(void)
{
    herr_t ret_value = SUCCEED;

    FUNC_ENTER_STATIC

    if(H5FD_direct_init() < 0)
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_VFL, H5E_CANTINIT, FAIL, "unable to initialize direct VFD")

done:
    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(ret_value)
} /* H5FD__init_package() */


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_init
 *
 * Purpose:  Initialize this driver by registering the driver with the
 *    library.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  The driver ID for the direct driver.
 *
 *    Failure:  Negative.
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Wednesday, 20 September 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
hid_t
H5FD_direct_init(void)
{
    hid_t ret_value;        /* Return value */

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI(FAIL)

    if (H5I_VFL!=H5I_get_type(H5FD_DIRECT_g))
        H5FD_DIRECT_g = H5FD_register(&H5FD_direct_g,sizeof(H5FD_class_t),FALSE);

    /* Set return value */
    ret_value = H5FD_DIRECT_g;

done:
    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(ret_value)
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_term
 *
 * Purpose:  Shut down the VFD
 *
 * Returns:     Non-negative on success or negative on failure
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Wednesday, 20 September 2006
 *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static herr_t
H5FD_direct_term(void)
{
    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT_NOERR

    /* Reset VFL ID */
    H5FD_DIRECT_g=0;

    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(SUCCEED)
} /* end H5FD_direct_term() */


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5Pset_fapl_direct
 *
 * Purpose:  Modify the file access property list to use the H5FD_DIRECT
 *    driver defined in this source file.  There are no driver
 *    specific properties.
 *
 * Return:  Non-negative on success/Negative on failure
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *    Wednesday, 20 September 2006
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
herr_t
H5Pset_fapl_direct(hid_t fapl_id, size_t boundary, size_t block_size, size_t cbuf_size)
{
    H5P_genplist_t      *plist;      /* Property list pointer */
    H5FD_direct_fapl_t  fa;
    herr_t     ret_value;

    FUNC_ENTER_API(FAIL)
    H5TRACE4("e", "izzz", fapl_id, boundary, block_size, cbuf_size);

    if(NULL == (plist = H5P_object_verify(fapl_id,H5P_FILE_ACCESS)))
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_ARGS, H5E_BADTYPE, FAIL, "not a file access property list")

    if(boundary != 0)
        fa.mboundary = boundary;
    else
        fa.mboundary = MBOUNDARY_DEF;
    if(block_size != 0)
        fa.fbsize = block_size;
    else
        fa.fbsize = FBSIZE_DEF;
    if(cbuf_size != 0)
        fa.cbsize = cbuf_size;
    else
        fa.cbsize = CBSIZE_DEF;

    /* Set the default to be true for data alignment */
    fa.must_align = TRUE;

    /* Copy buffer size must be a multiple of file block size */
    if(fa.cbsize % fa.fbsize != 0)
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_ARGS, H5E_BADVALUE, FAIL, "copy buffer size must be a multiple of block size")

    ret_value = H5P_set_driver(plist, H5FD_DIRECT, &fa);

done:
    FUNC_LEAVE_API(ret_value)
}


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5Pget_fapl_direct
 *
 * Purpose:  Returns information about the direct file access property
 *    list though the function arguments.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  Non-negative
 *
 *    Failure:  Negative
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Wednesday, October 18, 2006
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
herr_t
H5Pget_fapl_direct(hid_t fapl_id, size_t *boundary/*out*/, size_t *block_size/*out*/,
    size_t *cbuf_size/*out*/)
{
    H5P_genplist_t *plist;      /* Property list pointer */
    const H5FD_direct_fapl_t  *fa;
    herr_t      ret_value = SUCCEED;       /* Return value */

    FUNC_ENTER_API(FAIL)
    H5TRACE4("e", "ixxx", fapl_id, boundary, block_size, cbuf_size);

    if(NULL == (plist = H5P_object_verify(fapl_id,H5P_FILE_ACCESS)))
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_ARGS, H5E_BADTYPE, FAIL, "not a file access list")
    if(H5FD_DIRECT != H5P_peek_driver(plist))
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_PLIST, H5E_BADVALUE, FAIL, "incorrect VFL driver")
    if(NULL == (fa = H5P_peek_driver_info(plist)))
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_PLIST, H5E_BADVALUE, FAIL, "bad VFL driver info")
    if(boundary)
        *boundary = fa->mboundary;
    if(block_size)
        *block_size = fa->fbsize;
    if (cbuf_size)
        *cbuf_size = fa->cbsize;

done:
    FUNC_LEAVE_API(ret_value)
} /* end H5Pget_fapl_direct() */


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_fapl_get
 *
 * Purpose:  Returns a file access property list which indicates how the
 *    specified file is being accessed. The return list could be
 *    used to access another file the same way.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  Ptr to new file access property list with all
 *        members copied from the file struct.
 *
 *    Failure:  NULL
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Wednesday, 18 October 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static void *
H5FD_direct_fapl_get(H5FD_t *_file)
{
    H5FD_direct_t  *file = (H5FD_direct_t*)_file;
    void *ret_value;    /* Return value */

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT

    /* Set return value */
    ret_value= H5FD_direct_fapl_copy(&(file->fa));

done:
    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(ret_value)
} /* end H5FD_direct_fapl_get() */


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_fapl_copy
 *
 * Purpose:  Copies the direct-specific file access properties.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  Ptr to a new property list
 *
 *    Failure:  NULL
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Wednesday, 18 October 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static void *
H5FD_direct_fapl_copy(const void *_old_fa)
{
    const H5FD_direct_fapl_t *old_fa = (const H5FD_direct_fapl_t*)_old_fa;
    H5FD_direct_fapl_t *new_fa = H5MM_malloc(sizeof(H5FD_direct_fapl_t));

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT_NOERR

    HDassert(new_fa);

    /* Copy the general information */
    HDmemcpy(new_fa, old_fa, sizeof(H5FD_direct_fapl_t));

    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(new_fa)
} /* end H5FD_direct_fapl_copy() */


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_open
 *
 * Purpose:  Create and/or opens a Unix file for direct I/O as an HDF5 file.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  A pointer to a new file data structure. The
 *        public fields will be initialized by the
 *        caller, which is always H5FD_open().
 *
 *    Failure:  NULL
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Wednesday, 20 September 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static H5FD_t *
H5FD_direct_open(const char *name, unsigned flags, hid_t fapl_id, haddr_t maxaddr)
{
    int      o_flags;
    int      fd=(-1);
    H5FD_direct_t  *file=NULL;
    H5FD_direct_fapl_t  *fa;
#ifdef H5_HAVE_WIN32_API
    HFILE     filehandle;
    struct _BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION fileinfo;
#endif
    h5_stat_t    sb;
    H5P_genplist_t   *plist;      /* Property list */
    int                 *buf1, *buf2;
    H5FD_t    *ret_value;

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT

    /* Sanity check on file offsets */
    HDassert(sizeof(HDoff_t)>=sizeof(size_t));

    /* Check arguments */
    if (!name || !*name)
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_ARGS, H5E_BADVALUE, NULL, "invalid file name")
    if (0==maxaddr || HADDR_UNDEF==maxaddr)
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_ARGS, H5E_BADRANGE, NULL, "bogus maxaddr")
    if (ADDR_OVERFLOW(maxaddr))
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_ARGS, H5E_OVERFLOW, NULL, "bogus maxaddr")

    /* Build the open flags */
    o_flags = (H5F_ACC_RDWR & flags) ? O_RDWR : O_RDONLY;
    if (H5F_ACC_TRUNC & flags) o_flags |= O_TRUNC;
    if (H5F_ACC_CREAT & flags) o_flags |= O_CREAT;
    if (H5F_ACC_EXCL & flags) o_flags |= O_EXCL;

    /* Flag for Direct I/O */
    o_flags |= O_DIRECT;

    /* Open the file */
    if ((fd = HDopen(name, o_flags, H5_POSIX_CREATE_MODE_RW))<0)
        HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_FILE, H5E_CANTOPENFILE, NULL, "unable to open file")

    if (HDfstat(fd, &sb)<0)
        HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_FILE, H5E_BADFILE, NULL, "unable to fstat file")

    /* Create the new file struct */
    if (NULL==(file=H5FL_CALLOC(H5FD_direct_t)))
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_RESOURCE, H5E_NOSPACE, NULL, "unable to allocate file struct")

    /* Get the driver specific information */
    if(NULL == (plist = H5P_object_verify(fapl_id,H5P_FILE_ACCESS)))
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_ARGS, H5E_BADTYPE, NULL, "not a file access property list")
    if(NULL == (fa = (H5FD_direct_fapl_t *)H5P_peek_driver_info(plist)))
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_PLIST, H5E_BADVALUE, NULL, "bad VFL driver info")

    file->fd = fd;
    H5_CHECKED_ASSIGN(file->eof, haddr_t, sb.st_size, h5_stat_size_t);
    file->pos = HADDR_UNDEF;
    file->op = OP_UNKNOWN;
#ifdef H5_HAVE_WIN32_API
    filehandle = _get_osfhandle(fd);
    (void)GetFileInformationByHandle((HANDLE)filehandle, &fileinfo);
    file->fileindexhi = fileinfo.nFileIndexHigh;
    file->fileindexlo = fileinfo.nFileIndexLow;
#else
    file->device = sb.st_dev;
    file->inode = sb.st_ino;
#endif /*H5_HAVE_WIN32_API*/
    file->fa.mboundary = fa->mboundary;
    file->fa.fbsize = fa->fbsize;
    file->fa.cbsize = fa->cbsize;

    /* Try to decide if data alignment is required.  The reason to check it here
     * is to handle correctly the case that the file is in a different file system
     * than the one where the program is running.
     */
    /* NOTE: Use HDmalloc and HDfree here to ensure compatibility with
     *       HDposix_memalign.
     */
    buf1 = (int *)HDmalloc(sizeof(int));
    if(HDposix_memalign(&buf2, file->fa.mboundary, file->fa.fbsize) != 0)
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_RESOURCE, H5E_CANTALLOC, NULL, "HDposix_memalign failed")

    if(o_flags & O_CREAT) {
        if(HDwrite(file->fd, (void*)buf1, sizeof(int))<0) {
            if(HDwrite(file->fd, (void*)buf2, file->fa.fbsize)<0)
                HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_FILE, H5E_WRITEERROR, NULL, "file system may not support Direct I/O")
            else
                file->fa.must_align = TRUE;
        } else {
            file->fa.must_align = FALSE;
            HDftruncate(file->fd, (HDoff_t)0);
        }
    } else {
        if(HDread(file->fd, (void*)buf1, sizeof(int))<0) {
            if(HDread(file->fd, (void*)buf2, file->fa.fbsize)<0)
                HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_FILE, H5E_READERROR, NULL, "file system may not support Direct I/O")
            else
                file->fa.must_align = TRUE;
        } else {
            if(o_flags & O_RDWR) {
                if(HDlseek(file->fd, (HDoff_t)0, SEEK_SET) < 0)
                    HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_SEEKERROR, NULL, "unable to seek to proper position")
                if(HDwrite(file->fd, (void *)buf1, sizeof(int))<0)
                    file->fa.must_align = TRUE;
                else
                    file->fa.must_align = FALSE;
            } else
                file->fa.must_align = FALSE;
        }
    }

    if(buf1)
        HDfree(buf1);
    if(buf2)
        HDfree(buf2);

    /* Set return value */
    ret_value=(H5FD_t*)file;

done:
    if(ret_value==NULL) {
        if(fd>=0)
            HDclose(fd);
    } /* end if */

    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(ret_value)
}


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_close
 *
 * Purpose:  Closes the file.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  0
 *
 *    Failure:  -1, file not closed.
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Wednesday, 20 September 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static herr_t
H5FD_direct_close(H5FD_t *_file)
{
    H5FD_direct_t  *file = (H5FD_direct_t*)_file;
    herr_t        ret_value=SUCCEED;       /* Return value */

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT

    if (HDclose(file->fd)<0)
        HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_CANTCLOSEFILE, FAIL, "unable to close file")

    H5FL_FREE(H5FD_direct_t,file);

done:
    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(ret_value)
}


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_cmp
 *
 * Purpose:  Compares two files belonging to this driver using an
 *    arbitrary (but consistent) ordering.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  A value like strcmp()
 *
 *    Failure:  never fails (arguments were checked by the
 *        caller).
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Thursday, 21 September 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static int
H5FD_direct_cmp(const H5FD_t *_f1, const H5FD_t *_f2)
{
    const H5FD_direct_t  *f1 = (const H5FD_direct_t*)_f1;
    const H5FD_direct_t  *f2 = (const H5FD_direct_t*)_f2;
    int ret_value=0;

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT_NOERR

#ifdef H5_HAVE_WIN32_API
    if (f1->fileindexhi < f2->fileindexhi) HGOTO_DONE(-1)
    if (f1->fileindexhi > f2->fileindexhi) HGOTO_DONE(1)

    if (f1->fileindexlo < f2->fileindexlo) HGOTO_DONE(-1)
    if (f1->fileindexlo > f2->fileindexlo) HGOTO_DONE(1)

#else
#ifdef H5_DEV_T_IS_SCALAR
    if (f1->device < f2->device) HGOTO_DONE(-1)
    if (f1->device > f2->device) HGOTO_DONE(1)
#else /* H5_DEV_T_IS_SCALAR */
    /* If dev_t isn't a scalar value on this system, just use memcmp to
     * determine if the values are the same or not.  The actual return value
     * shouldn't really matter...
     */
    if(HDmemcmp(&(f1->device),&(f2->device),sizeof(dev_t))<0) HGOTO_DONE(-1)
    if(HDmemcmp(&(f1->device),&(f2->device),sizeof(dev_t))>0) HGOTO_DONE(1)
#endif /* H5_DEV_T_IS_SCALAR */

    if (f1->inode < f2->inode) HGOTO_DONE(-1)
    if (f1->inode > f2->inode) HGOTO_DONE(1)

#endif

done:
    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(ret_value)
}


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_query
 *
 * Purpose:  Set the flags that this VFL driver is capable of supporting.
 *              (listed in H5FDpublic.h)
 *
 * Return:  Success:  non-negative
 *
 *    Failure:  negative
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Thursday, 21 September 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static herr_t
H5FD_direct_query(const H5FD_t H5_ATTR_UNUSED * _f, unsigned long *flags /* out */)
{
    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT_NOERR

    /* Set the VFL feature flags that this driver supports */
    if(flags) {
        *flags = 0;
        *flags |= H5FD_FEAT_AGGREGATE_METADATA;     /* OK to aggregate metadata allocations                             */
        *flags |= H5FD_FEAT_ACCUMULATE_METADATA;    /* OK to accumulate metadata for faster writes                      */
        *flags |= H5FD_FEAT_DATA_SIEVE;             /* OK to perform data sieving for faster raw data reads & writes    */
        *flags |= H5FD_FEAT_AGGREGATE_SMALLDATA;    /* OK to aggregate "small" raw data allocations                     */
        *flags |= H5FD_FEAT_DEFAULT_VFD_COMPATIBLE; /* VFD creates a file which can be opened with the default VFD      */
    }

    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(SUCCEED)
}


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_get_eoa
 *
 * Purpose:  Gets the end-of-address marker for the file. The EOA marker
 *    is the first address past the last byte allocated in the
 *    format address space.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  The end-of-address marker.
 *
 *    Failure:  HADDR_UNDEF
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Wednesday, 20 September 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *              Raymond Lu
 *              21 Dec. 2006
 *              Added the parameter TYPE.  It's only used for MULTI driver.
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static haddr_t
H5FD_direct_get_eoa(const H5FD_t *_file, H5FD_mem_t H5_ATTR_UNUSED type)
{
    const H5FD_direct_t  *file = (const H5FD_direct_t*)_file;

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT_NOERR

    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(file->eoa)
}


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_set_eoa
 *
 * Purpose:  Set the end-of-address marker for the file. This function is
 *    called shortly after an existing HDF5 file is opened in order
 *    to tell the driver where the end of the HDF5 data is located.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  0
 *
 *    Failure:  -1
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Wednesday, 20 September 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *              Raymond Lu
 *              21 Dec. 2006
 *              Added the parameter TYPE.  It's only used for MULTI driver.
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static herr_t
H5FD_direct_set_eoa(H5FD_t *_file, H5FD_mem_t H5_ATTR_UNUSED type, haddr_t addr)
{
    H5FD_direct_t  *file = (H5FD_direct_t*)_file;

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT_NOERR

    file->eoa = addr;

    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(SUCCEED)
}


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_get_eof
 *
 * Purpose:  Returns the end-of-file marker, which is the greater of
 *    either the Unix end-of-file or the HDF5 end-of-address
 *    markers.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  End of file address, the first address past
 *        the end of the "file", either the Unix file
 *        or the HDF5 file.
 *
 *    Failure:  HADDR_UNDEF
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Wednesday, 20 September 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static haddr_t
H5FD_direct_get_eof(const H5FD_t *_file, H5FD_mem_t H5_ATTR_UNUSED type)
{
    const H5FD_direct_t  *file = (const H5FD_direct_t*)_file;

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT

    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(file->eof)
}


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:       H5FD_diect_get_handle
 *
 * Purpose:        Returns the file handle of direct file driver.
 *
 * Returns:        Non-negative if succeed or negative if fails.
 *
 * Programmer:     Raymond Lu
 *                 21 September 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static herr_t
H5FD_direct_get_handle(H5FD_t *_file, hid_t H5_ATTR_UNUSED fapl, void** file_handle)
{
    H5FD_direct_t       *file = (H5FD_direct_t *)_file;
    herr_t              ret_value = SUCCEED;

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT

    if(!file_handle)
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_ARGS, H5E_BADVALUE, FAIL, "file handle not valid")
    *file_handle = &(file->fd);

done:
    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(ret_value)
}


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_read
 *
 * Purpose:  Reads SIZE bytes of data from FILE beginning at address ADDR
 *    into buffer BUF according to data transfer properties in
 *    DXPL_ID.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  Zero. Result is stored in caller-supplied
 *        buffer BUF.
 *
 *    Failure:  -1, Contents of buffer BUF are undefined.
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Thursday, 21 September 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static herr_t
H5FD_direct_read(H5FD_t *_file, H5FD_mem_t H5_ATTR_UNUSED type, hid_t H5_ATTR_UNUSED dxpl_id, haddr_t addr,
         size_t size, void *buf/*out*/)
{
    H5FD_direct_t  *file = (H5FD_direct_t*)_file;
    ssize_t    nbytes;
    hbool_t    _must_align = TRUE;
    herr_t        ret_value=SUCCEED;       /* Return value */
    size_t    alloc_size;
    void    *copy_buf = NULL, *p2;
    size_t    _boundary;
    size_t    _fbsize;
    size_t    _cbsize;
    haddr_t    read_size;              /* Size to read into copy buffer */
    size_t    copy_size = size;       /* Size remaining to read when using copy buffer */
    size_t              copy_offset;            /* Offset into copy buffer of the requested data */

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT

    HDassert(file && file->pub.cls);
    HDassert(buf);

    /* Check for overflow conditions */
    if (HADDR_UNDEF==addr)
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_ARGS, H5E_BADVALUE, FAIL, "addr undefined")
    if (REGION_OVERFLOW(addr, size))
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_ARGS, H5E_OVERFLOW, FAIL, "addr overflow")

    /* If the system doesn't require data to be aligned, read the data in
     * the same way as sec2 driver.
     */
    _must_align = file->fa.must_align;

    /* Get the memory boundary for alignment, file system block size, and maximal
     * copy buffer size.
     */
    _boundary = file->fa.mboundary;
    _fbsize = file->fa.fbsize;
    _cbsize = file->fa.cbsize;

    /* if the data is aligned or the system doesn't require data to be aligned,
     * read it directly from the file.  If not, read a bigger
     * and aligned data first, then copy the data into memory buffer.
     */
    if(!_must_align || ((addr%_fbsize==0) && (size%_fbsize==0) && ((size_t)buf%_boundary==0))) {
      /* Seek to the correct location */
      if ((addr!=file->pos || OP_READ!=file->op) &&
        HDlseek(file->fd, (HDoff_t)addr, SEEK_SET)<0)
    HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_SEEKERROR, FAIL, "unable to seek to proper position")
       /* Read the aligned data in file first, being careful of interrupted
       * system calls and partial results. */
      while (size>0) {
    do {
        nbytes = HDread(file->fd, buf, size);
    } while (-1==nbytes && EINTR==errno);
    if (-1==nbytes) /* error */
        HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_READERROR, FAIL, "file read failed")
    if (0==nbytes) {
        /* end of file but not end of format address space */
        HDmemset(buf, 0, size);
        break;
    }
    HDassert(nbytes>=0);
    HDassert((size_t)nbytes<=size);
    H5_CHECK_OVERFLOW(nbytes,ssize_t,size_t);
    size -= (size_t)nbytes;
    H5_CHECK_OVERFLOW(nbytes,ssize_t,haddr_t);
    addr += (haddr_t)nbytes;
    buf = (char*)buf + nbytes;
      }
    } else {
            /* Calculate where we will begin copying from the copy buffer */
            copy_offset = (size_t)(addr % _fbsize);

      /* allocate memory needed for the Direct IO option up to the maximal
       * copy buffer size. Make a bigger buffer for aligned I/O if size is
       * smaller than maximal copy buffer. */
      alloc_size = ((copy_offset + size - 1) / _fbsize + 1) * _fbsize;
      if(alloc_size > _cbsize)
        alloc_size = _cbsize;
      HDassert(!(alloc_size % _fbsize));
      if (HDposix_memalign(&copy_buf, _boundary, alloc_size) != 0)
    HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_RESOURCE, H5E_CANTALLOC, FAIL, "HDposix_memalign failed")

            /* look for the aligned position for reading the data */
            HDassert(!(((addr / _fbsize) * _fbsize) % _fbsize));
            if(HDlseek(file->fd, (HDoff_t)((addr / _fbsize) * _fbsize),
                    SEEK_SET) < 0)
                HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_SEEKERROR, FAIL, "unable to seek to proper position")

      /*
       * Read the aligned data in file into aligned buffer first, then copy the data
       * into the final buffer.  If the data size is bigger than maximal copy buffer
       * size, do the reading by segment (the outer while loop).  If not, do one step
       * reading.
       */
      do {
         /* Read the aligned data in file first.  Not able to handle interrupted
     * system calls and partial results like sec2 driver does because the
     * data may no longer be aligned. It's especially true when the data in
     * file is smaller than ALLOC_SIZE. */
        HDmemset(copy_buf, 0, alloc_size);

                /* Calculate how much data we have to read in this iteration
                 * (including unused parts of blocks) */
                if((copy_size + copy_offset) < alloc_size)
                    read_size = ((copy_size + copy_offset - 1) / _fbsize + 1)
                            * _fbsize;
                else
                    read_size = alloc_size;

                HDassert(!(read_size % _fbsize));
        do {
        nbytes = HDread(file->fd, copy_buf, read_size);
        } while(-1==nbytes && EINTR==errno);

        if (-1==nbytes) /* error */
        HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_READERROR, FAIL, "file read failed")

        /* Copy the needed data from the copy buffer to the output
         * buffer, and update copy_size.  If the copy buffer does not
                 * contain the rest of the data, just copy what's in the copy
                 * buffer and also update read_addr and copy_offset to read the
                 * next section of data. */
        p2 = (unsigned char*)copy_buf + copy_offset;
        if((copy_size + copy_offset) <= alloc_size) {
            HDmemcpy(buf, p2, copy_size);
            buf = (unsigned char *)buf + copy_size;
            copy_size = 0;
                } /* end if */
                else {
                    HDmemcpy(buf, p2, alloc_size - copy_offset);
                    buf = (unsigned char*)buf + alloc_size - copy_offset;
                    copy_size -= alloc_size - copy_offset;
                    copy_offset = 0;
                } /* end else */
      } while (copy_size > 0);

      /*Final step: update address*/
      addr = (haddr_t)(((addr + size - 1) / _fbsize + 1) * _fbsize);

      if(copy_buf) {
                /* Free with HDfree since it came from posix_memalign */
                HDfree(copy_buf);
                copy_buf = NULL;
            } /* end if */
    }

    /* Update current position */
    file->pos = addr;
    file->op = OP_READ;

done:
    if(ret_value<0) {
        /* Free with HDfree since it came from posix_memalign */
        if(copy_buf)
            HDfree(copy_buf);

        /* Reset last file I/O information */
        file->pos = HADDR_UNDEF;
        file->op = OP_UNKNOWN;
    } /* end if */

    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(ret_value)
}


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_write
 *
 * Purpose:  Writes SIZE bytes of data to FILE beginning at address ADDR
 *    from buffer BUF according to data transfer properties in
 *    DXPL_ID.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  Zero
 *
 *    Failure:  -1
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Thursday, 21 September 2006
 *
 * Modifications:
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static herr_t
H5FD_direct_write(H5FD_t *_file, H5FD_mem_t H5_ATTR_UNUSED type, hid_t H5_ATTR_UNUSED dxpl_id, haddr_t addr,
    size_t size, const void *buf)
{
    H5FD_direct_t  *file = (H5FD_direct_t*)_file;
    ssize_t    nbytes;
    hbool_t    _must_align = TRUE;
    herr_t        ret_value=SUCCEED;       /* Return value */
    size_t    alloc_size;
    void    *copy_buf = NULL, *p1;
    const void    *p3;
    size_t    _boundary;
    size_t    _fbsize;
    size_t    _cbsize;
    haddr_t             write_addr;             /* Address to write copy buffer */
    haddr_t             write_size;             /* Size to write from copy buffer */
    haddr_t             read_size;              /* Size to read into copy buffer */
    size_t              copy_size = size;       /* Size remaining to write when using copy buffer */
    size_t              copy_offset;            /* Offset into copy buffer of the data to write */

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT

    HDassert(file && file->pub.cls);
    HDassert(buf);

    /* Check for overflow conditions */
    if (HADDR_UNDEF==addr)
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_ARGS, H5E_BADVALUE, FAIL, "addr undefined")
    if (REGION_OVERFLOW(addr, size))
        HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_ARGS, H5E_OVERFLOW, FAIL, "addr overflow")

    /* If the system doesn't require data to be aligned, read the data in
     * the same way as sec2 driver.
     */
    _must_align = file->fa.must_align;

    /* Get the memory boundary for alignment, file system block size, and maximal
     * copy buffer size.
     */
    _boundary = file->fa.mboundary;
    _fbsize = file->fa.fbsize;
    _cbsize = file->fa.cbsize;

    /* if the data is aligned or the system doesn't require data to be aligned,
     * write it directly to the file.  If not, read a bigger and aligned data
     * first, update buffer with user data, then write the data out.
     */
    if(!_must_align || ((addr%_fbsize==0) && (size%_fbsize==0) && ((size_t)buf%_boundary==0))) {
      /* Seek to the correct location */
      if ((addr!=file->pos || OP_WRITE!=file->op) &&
        HDlseek(file->fd, (HDoff_t)addr, SEEK_SET)<0)
    HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_SEEKERROR, FAIL, "unable to seek to proper position")

      while (size>0) {
    do {
        nbytes = HDwrite(file->fd, buf, size);
    } while (-1==nbytes && EINTR==errno);
    if (-1==nbytes) /* error */
        HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_WRITEERROR, FAIL, "file write failed")
    HDassert(nbytes>0);
    HDassert((size_t)nbytes<=size);
    H5_CHECK_OVERFLOW(nbytes,ssize_t,size_t);
    size -= (size_t)nbytes;
    H5_CHECK_OVERFLOW(nbytes,ssize_t,haddr_t);
    addr += (haddr_t)nbytes;
    buf = (const char*)buf + nbytes;
      }
    } else {
            /* Calculate where we will begin reading from (on disk) and where we
             * will begin copying from the copy buffer */
            write_addr = (addr / _fbsize) * _fbsize;
            copy_offset = (size_t)(addr % _fbsize);

      /* allocate memory needed for the Direct IO option up to the maximal
       * copy buffer size. Make a bigger buffer for aligned I/O if size is
       * smaller than maximal copy buffer.
       */
      alloc_size = ((copy_offset + size - 1) / _fbsize + 1) * _fbsize;
            if(alloc_size > _cbsize)
                alloc_size = _cbsize;
            HDassert(!(alloc_size % _fbsize));

      if (HDposix_memalign(&copy_buf, _boundary, alloc_size) != 0)
    HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_RESOURCE, H5E_CANTALLOC, FAIL, "HDposix_memalign failed")

            /* look for the right position for reading or writing the data */
            if(HDlseek(file->fd, (HDoff_t)write_addr, SEEK_SET) < 0)
                HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_SEEKERROR, FAIL, "unable to seek to proper position")

      p3 = buf;
      do {
                /* Calculate how much data we have to write in this iteration
                 * (including unused parts of blocks) */
                if((copy_size + copy_offset) < alloc_size)
                    write_size = ((copy_size + copy_offset - 1) / _fbsize + 1)
                            * _fbsize;
                else
                    write_size = alloc_size;

        /*
          * Read the aligned data first if the aligned region doesn't fall
         * entirely in the range to be written.  Not able to handle interrupted
     * system calls and partial results like sec2 driver does because the
     * data may no longer be aligned. It's especially true when the data in
     * file is smaller than ALLOC_SIZE.  Only read the entire section if
                 * both ends are misaligned, otherwise only read the block on the
                 * misaligned end.
         */
        HDmemset(copy_buf, 0, _fbsize);

                if(copy_offset > 0) {
                    if((write_addr + write_size) > (addr + size)) {
                        HDassert((write_addr + write_size) - (addr + size) < _fbsize);
                        read_size = write_size;
                        p1 = copy_buf;
                    } /* end if */
                    else {
                        read_size = _fbsize;
                        p1 = copy_buf;
                    } /* end else */
                } /* end if */
                else if((write_addr + write_size) > (addr + size)) {
                    HDassert((write_addr + write_size) - (addr + size) < _fbsize);
                    read_size = _fbsize;
                    p1 = (unsigned char *)copy_buf + write_size - _fbsize;

                    /* Seek to the last block, for reading */
                    HDassert(!((write_addr + write_size - _fbsize) % _fbsize));
                    if(HDlseek(file->fd,
                            (HDoff_t)(write_addr + write_size - _fbsize),
                            SEEK_SET) < 0)
                        HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_SEEKERROR, FAIL, "unable to seek to proper position")
                } /* end if */
                else
                    p1 = NULL;

                if(p1) {
                    HDassert(!(read_size % _fbsize));
                    do {
                        nbytes = HDread(file->fd, p1, read_size);
                    } while (-1==nbytes && EINTR==errno);

                    if (-1==nbytes) /* error */
                        HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_READERROR, FAIL, "file read failed")
                } /* end if */

        /* look for the right position and append or copy the data to be written to
          * the aligned buffer.
               * Consider all possible situations here: file address is not aligned on
               * file block size; the end of data address is not aligned; the end of data
               * address is aligned; data size is smaller or bigger than maximal copy size.
         */
        p1 = (unsigned char *)copy_buf + copy_offset;
        if((copy_size + copy_offset) <= alloc_size) {
                    HDmemcpy(p1, p3, copy_size);
                    copy_size = 0;
                } /* end if */
                else {
                    HDmemcpy(p1, p3, alloc_size - copy_offset);
                    p3 = (const unsigned char *)p3 + (alloc_size - copy_offset);
                    copy_size -= alloc_size - copy_offset;
                    copy_offset = 0;
                } /* end else */

        /*look for the aligned position for writing the data*/
        HDassert(!(write_addr % _fbsize));
        if(HDlseek(file->fd, (HDoff_t)write_addr, SEEK_SET) < 0)
        HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_SEEKERROR, FAIL, "unable to seek to proper position")

        /*
          * Write the data. It doesn't truncate the extra data introduced by
     * alignment because that step is done in H5FD_direct_flush.
         */
        HDassert(!(write_size % _fbsize));
    do {
        nbytes = HDwrite(file->fd, copy_buf, write_size);
    } while (-1==nbytes && EINTR==errno);

    if (-1==nbytes) /* error */
        HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_WRITEERROR, FAIL, "file write failed")

              /* update the write address */
              write_addr += write_size;
  } while (copy_size > 0);

  /*Update the address and size*/
  addr = write_addr;
  buf = (const char*)buf + size;

  if(copy_buf) {
    /* Free with HDfree since it came from posix_memalign */
      HDfree(copy_buf);
      copy_buf = NULL;
        } /* end if */
    }

    /* Update current position and eof */
    file->pos = addr;
    file->op = OP_WRITE;
    if (file->pos>file->eof)
        file->eof = file->pos;

done:
    if(ret_value<0) {
        /* Free with HDfree since it came from posix_memalign */
        if(copy_buf)
            HDfree(copy_buf);

        /* Reset last file I/O information */
        file->pos = HADDR_UNDEF;
        file->op = OP_UNKNOWN;
    } /* end if */

    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(ret_value)
}


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:  H5FD_direct_truncate
 *
 * Purpose:  Makes sure that the true file size is the same (or larger)
 *    than the end-of-address.
 *
 * Return:  Success:  Non-negative
 *
 *    Failure:  Negative
 *
 * Programmer:  Raymond Lu
 *              Thursday, 21 September 2006
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static herr_t
H5FD_direct_truncate(H5FD_t *_file, hid_t H5_ATTR_UNUSED dxpl_id, hbool_t H5_ATTR_UNUSED closing)
{
    H5FD_direct_t  *file = (H5FD_direct_t*)_file;
    herr_t        ret_value = SUCCEED;       /* Return value */

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT

    HDassert(file);

    /* Extend the file to make sure it's large enough */
    if (file->eoa!=file->eof) {
#ifdef H5_HAVE_WIN32_API
        HFILE filehandle;   /* Windows file handle */
        LARGE_INTEGER li;   /* 64-bit integer for SetFilePointer() call */

        /* Map the posix file handle to a Windows file handle */
        filehandle = _get_osfhandle(file->fd);

        /* Translate 64-bit integers into form Windows wants */
        /* [This algorithm is from the Windows documentation for SetFilePointer()] */
        li.QuadPart = (LONGLONG)file->eoa;
        (void)SetFilePointer((HANDLE)filehandle,li.LowPart,&li.HighPart,FILE_BEGIN);
        if(SetEndOfFile((HANDLE)filehandle)==0)
            HGOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_SEEKERROR, FAIL, "unable to extend file properly")
#else /* H5_HAVE_WIN32_API */
        if (-1==HDftruncate(file->fd, (HDoff_t)file->eoa))
            HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_SEEKERROR, FAIL, "unable to extend file properly")
#endif /* H5_HAVE_WIN32_API */

        /* Update the eof value */
        file->eof = file->eoa;

        /* Reset last file I/O information */
        file->pos = HADDR_UNDEF;
        file->op = OP_UNKNOWN;
    }
    else if (file->fa.must_align){
  /*Even though eof is equal to eoa, file is still truncated because Direct I/O
   *write introduces some extra data for alignment.
   */
        if (-1==HDftruncate(file->fd, (HDoff_t)file->eof))
            HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_IO, H5E_SEEKERROR, FAIL, "unable to extend file properly")
    }

done:
    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(ret_value)
} /* end H5FD_direct_truncate() */


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:    H5FD_direct_lock
 *
 * Purpose:     To place an advisory lock on a file.
 *		The lock type to apply depends on the parameter "rw":
 *			TRUE--opens for write: an exclusive lock
 *			FALSE--opens for read: a shared lock
 *
 * Return:      SUCCEED/FAIL
 *
 * Programmer:  Vailin Choi; May 2013
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static herr_t
H5FD_direct_lock(H5FD_t *_file, hbool_t rw)
{
    H5FD_direct_t  *file = (H5FD_direct_t*)_file;	/* VFD file struct */
    int lock;						/* The type of lock */
    herr_t ret_value = SUCCEED;                 	/* Return value */

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT

    HDassert(file);

    /* Determine the type of lock */
    int lock = rw ? LOCK_EX : LOCK_SH;
    
    /* Place the lock with non-blocking */
    if(HDflock(file->fd, lock | LOCK_NB) < 0)
        HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_FILE, H5E_BADFILE, FAIL, "unable to flock file")

done:
    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(ret_value)
} /* end H5FD_direct_lock() */


/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:    H5FD_direct_unlock
 *
 * Purpose:     To remove the existing lock on the file
 *
 * Return:      SUCCEED/FAIL
 *
 * Programmer:  Vailin Choi; May 2013
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static herr_t
H5FD_direct_unlock(H5FD_t *_file)
{
    H5FD_direct_t  *file = (H5FD_direct_t*)_file;	/* VFD file struct */
    herr_t ret_value = SUCCEED;                 	/* Return value */

    FUNC_ENTER_NOAPI_NOINIT

    HDassert(file);

    if(HDflock(file->fd, LOCK_UN) < 0)
        HSYS_GOTO_ERROR(H5E_FILE, H5E_BADFILE, FAIL, "unable to flock (unlock) file")

done:
    FUNC_LEAVE_NOAPI(ret_value)
} /* end H5FD_direct_unlock() */

#endif /* H5_HAVE_DIRECT */

